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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurology

A

the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system

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2
Q

what is anatomy

A

the study of structure

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3
Q

what is physiology

A

study of function

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4
Q

what is pathology

A

study of diseases

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5
Q

what are upper motor neurons

A

always going to descend, efferent tracts because always are headed to muscles; the CNS; within the brain and spinal cord; projection fibers; cortiospinal and coticobulbar; upper motor neurons have to pass bouton to lower motor neurons either in the gray matter in the spinal cord

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6
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

cranial and spinal nerves; make up the PNS; when she does jazz hands
- only things that are going to synapse onto muscles

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7
Q

what is the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord; this is where tracts would be; consists of the cerebral cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord, and other subcortical structures

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8
Q

what is the PNS

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves; referred to as peripheral because they are outside of the central nervous system

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9
Q

what are descending tracts

A

efferent; upper motor neurons synapsing onto lower motor neurons

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10
Q

what are ascending tracts

A

afferent; sensory nerves (vision, hearing, touch); synapse onto white matter outside spinal cord aka myelinated axons (tracts)

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11
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

responsible for involuntary functions of the body, including contraction of smooth muscle, glandular secretion, and digestive and cardiac function

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12
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

governs voluntary and conscious activity. is responsible for activating all skeletal muscles, which is also known as somatic muscle. When something is voluntary, that means I make a conscious decision to act, and consciousness is a component of the somatic nervous system.

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13
Q

What is the sympathetic system

A

responds to stimulation by expending energy. this is the system that kicks in when you come close to having an accident in your car, or when you feel threatened. your nervous system kicks into a mode that prepares you to act: become more alert, adrenaline is duped into your bloodstream, and your heart rate increases, pupils dilate, and you start sweating

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14
Q

what is the parasympathetic system

A

goes into play by slowing y our heart rate, constricting your pupils, and lowering your blood pressure

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15
Q

what is pyramidal

A

involved in direct activation of skeletal muscles and arises from the pyramidal cells of the pre central and premotor gyri of the frontal lobe.

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16
Q

what is extrapyramidal (indirect system)

A

governs background movements and muscle tone and supports the actions of the primary muscles for a given action. if I elevate my tongue tip to the alveolar ridge, the superior longitudinal muscles that support this activity by helping to maintain the tongue body posture, elevating the mandible slightly, or counteracting the force of the tip on the roof of the mouth.

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17
Q

do motor neurons synapse onto the ventral horn

A

yes

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18
Q

where is the spinal nerve nuclei

A

start in the motor area, descend through the internal capsule through the brain stem to the bottom of the medulla, crosses to other side, travel down the spinal cord along the white matter, synapse into gray part of the ventral horn, that’s where the spinal nerve nuclei are at.

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19
Q

are spinal nerve nuclei in the ventral horn

A

yes

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20
Q

what is dorsal/ventral

A

dorsal- directed toward the back
ventral- directed toward the belly

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21
Q

what is cranial/caudal

A

cranial- directed toward the cranium, head
caudal- directed toward the tail

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22
Q

what is rostral/caudal

A

rostral- directed toward the nose
caudal- directed toward the tail

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23
Q

what is proximal/distal

A

proximal- directed toward the body
distal- directed away from the body midline

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24
Q

what is a dendrite

A

the receptor region

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25
what is the soma
contains organelles associated with metabolism
26
what is the axon
transmits information from neuron
27
what is hillock
generator site of action potential
28
what is myelin sheath
insulator for axon
29
what is node of ranvier
permits salutary conduction
30
what is terminal end buttons
contains synaptic vesicles
31
what is neurotransmitter
substance that facilitates synapse
32
what is the synaptic cleft
region between pre-and postsynaptic neurons
33
where are the end of axons
where the terminal buttons are at
34
what is a problem with a neuro transmitter being depleated
Mysenis Gravis; would be lower motor neurons because it is synapsing to the muscle
35
what is MS
a break down in myelin
36
what transmits neural charges
neurotransmitters
37
what type of cells supports the neuron
Neuroglia cells
38
what are oligodendrocyte cells
CNS; Myelin generation for CNS axons
39
what are Schwann cells
PNS; Myelin generation PNS axons, repair in PNS, and phagocytosis in PNS
40
what are astrocytes (astroglia)
CNS; protoplasmic astrocytes found in myelinated fibers; Neurotransmitter uptake from synaptic cleft, repair in CNS, and blood brain barrier; supports for neurons; attach to blood vessels: regulates blood flow; regulation of ions and neurotransmitters; seals after lesion: scar tissue
41
what are ependymal cells
CNS; line spinal cord and ventricles, generation of cerebrospinal fluid, and cilia support CSF circulation
42
what are radial glia cells
CNS; line spinal cord and ventricles, generation of cerebrospinal fluid, and cilia support CSF circulation
43
what are microglia cells
CNS; Macrophages in CNS; critically important for lesion repair; encapsulate and remove necrotic tissue
44
what are satellite cells
PNS; Surround neurons in ganglia and regulate chemical environment
45
what are tracts
regions of cerebral cortex are tied together by bundles of white matter fibers; when they originate in the same place and travel to the same place we call them tracts. they are part of the central nervous system
46
what are projection fibers
fibers that connect the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and spinal cord. these are relatively vertically traveling fibers that connect centers in the cortex to those below the cortex (subcortical); they may be afferent or efferent
47
what are corticobulbar (nuclear) tracts
- heading to synapse onto cranial nerves (all the things in the head) - corticobulbar tracts arise form the lateral aspect of the primary motor cortex. they receive the same inputs as the corticospinal tracts. the fibers converge and pass through the internal capsule to the brainstem. - the neurons terminate on the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. here, they synapse with lower motor nerves. here they synapse with lower motor neurons, which carry the motor signals to the muscles of the face and neck. - many of these fibers innervate the motor neurons bilaterally. for example, fibers form the left primary cortex act as upper motor neurons for the right and left vagus nerves.
48
what are corticospinal tracts
- heading to synapse onto spinal nerves - the corticospinal tracts begin in the cerebral cortex, form which they receive a range of inputs: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area. - also receives nerve fibers form the somatosensory area, which plays a role in regulation the activity of the ascending tracts. after originating from the cortex, the neurons converge, and descend through the internal capsule (a white matter pathway, located between the thalamus and the basal ganglia)
49
where do neurons pass through
the midbrain, pons, and medulla
50
what is the cross between the left side and the right side
bilateral innervation
51
short answer: what is bilateral innervation
stroke on one side you will see the effects on the other side; tracts are going to both sides so if you stoke on one side it will be okay because one side is still going there. lower part and some muscles of the tongue don't get bilateral innervation
52
what is the same side
ipsilateral
53
what is the opposite side
contralateral
54
what is the arcuate fascicules
connects Broca's (expressive language0 to Vernice's (understanding); connects areas within a hemisphere (within one side of the cerebrum)
55
what are long association fibers
characterized by intact auditory comprehension, fluent speech production, but poor speech repetition. patients will display frequent errors during spontaneous speech, substituting or transposing sounds. the patient will also be aware of their errors, and will show significant difficulty correcting them.
56
what are short association fibers
lie immediately beneath the gray substance of the cortex of the hemispheres and connect together closely situated gyri.
57
which fiber goes inbetween the lobes
long fibers
58
what is the corpus callosum
connects the right and left hemisphere (guy who had a a separate one to control seizures)
59
what are meninges
line cerebrum and some central nervous system components; provides protection and has some nutritive functions; consists of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and Pia mater
60
what is the dura mater
epidural space and subdural space
61
what is the arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space and arteries and cranial nerves run in arachnoid
62
what is the Pia mater
pia covers all surfaces; Pia does not respond to mechanical or thermal stimulation, but does respond to stretching
63
where is an epidural done
way down in the spinal cord
64
what is a lumbar puncture
where they draw out spinal fluid
65
what is meningitis
inflammation of meninges
66
what is a CT scan
generates high-quality, detailed images of the body. takes a 360 degree image of the spine, vertebrae, and internal organs. can show: images of bones, blood vessels, soft tissue, organs that can diagnose: appendicitis, cancer, trauma, heart disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and infectious diseases
67
what is a x-ray
form of radiation and passes through your body, bone, and other dense objects block the radiation and look white the film of the x-ray. diagnosing and assessing: disease or bone degeneration, dislocations, fractures, tumors, and infections.w
68
what is a MRI
magnetic resonance imaging; magnetic current is applied to body that flips proteins's in body's water molecules
69
what is a fMRI
can be used to investigate the area of the Brian involved when performing a task or function
70
what is a PET scan
tracks radioactive tracers to observe metabolic processes in the brain; evaluates brain metabolism and neurotransmitter activity
71
what is a EEG
records electrical activity of the Brian using electrodes on the scalp; detects real-time Brian activity with excellent temporal resolution
72
arteries of the brain from the heart
-vertebral artery -posterior inferior cerebellar artery- cerebellum and has balance issues -anterior spinal artery -anterior inferior cerebellar artery -basilar artery- joins together, travels through pons, and causes locked in syndrome, cranial nerve 7 is here and causes facial delay, vertigo, and decrease coordination - pontine branches - superior cerebellar artery- causes balance issues and nystagmus -posterior cerebral artery- in occipital lobe and causes vision problems - posterior communicating artery- communicating with carotid system and let's blood flow back to front - middle cerebral artery- decrease sensation movement of face and arms; effects Broca's area (exp. language) - anterior cerebral artery- cerebrum, feeding motor and sensory strip, feet and legs, decrease sensation of movement to legs - anterior communicating artery- aneurysm spot - blood does not cross until a need for it to
73
what is blood crossing called
anastomosis
74
what is the posterior system (vertebral-basilar)
brings blood to the back of the cerebrum and the cerebellum
75
what is the anterior system (carotid)
brings blood to the anterior and lateral aspects of the cerebrum
76
what makes the circle of willis
two vertebral arteries ascend and merge to form a. single basilar artery that courses upward to join together
77
where do aneurysms happen
the anterior communicating arteries
78
what innervation would be the upper part of the face
bilateral innervated
79
what parts of the body would be contralateral
the tongue, lower part of the body, legs, arms, lower part of the face
80
what is the Corna radia
descending tracts- tracts that are headed to the PNS; efferent tracts
81
what is the choroid plexus
composed of ependymal cells. cerebral spinal fluid is made form ependymal cells/ the cerebral spinal fluid exits out into the Venus blood flow in the dura mater
82
what is anastomosis
provides an alternate source of blood flow.

CSD 522 (1 decks)

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