test 1 Flashcards
Argumentation vs. Persuasion
Argumentation uses logic and evidence to reach conclusions, while persuasion appeals to emotions and values to convince others.
Degrees of Persuasion
How strongly someone is convinced by an argument, ranging from complete agreement to strong opposition.
ELM (Elaboration Likelihood Model)
A theory explaining how people process persuasive messages through either deep (central) or surface-level (peripheral) thinking
The Audience
The people receiving and interpreting an argument; their background, beliefs, and biases affect how they respond.
Rhetoric
The art of effective speaking or writing, especially to persuade an audience.
History of Argumentation
The study of how argumentation has evolved over time, from ancient rhetoric to modern debate styles.
3 Perspectives
The different ways to view argumentation: rhetorical (persuasive communication), dialectical (structured discussion), and logical (formal reasoning).
Ethical Standards (Clarity, Honesty, Efficiency, Relevance, etc.)
Guidelines for fair and responsible argumentation, ensuring accuracy and respect
Discourse Ethics
The idea that ethical communication involves open, fair discussion where all voices are heard.
Field Dependent vs. Invariant
Field-dependent arguments change based on the context, while invariant arguments apply universally.
Advocate vs. Opponent
The advocate supports a position; the opponent argues against it.
Presumption
The default belief or status quo before an argument is made.
Burden of Proof
The responsibility to provide evidence to prove a claim.
Prima Facie Case
an argument seems strong and has enough proof at first, but if someone finds a problem with it, they can challenge it
Inherency
The idea that a problem exists and won’t go away without change.
Nature & Phrasing of Propositions
Propositions should be clear, focused statements that guide argumentation.
Fact vs. Opinion
A fact can be proven true or false; an opinion is based on beliefs or feelings.
Fact/Value/Policy/Definition Propositions
Fact: argues what is true; Value: argues what is good/bad; Policy: argues what should be done; Definition: argues how something should be defined
Defining Terms (Rules, Determining Which Terms to Define, How to Define…)
Key terms in an argument should be clearly defined using common rules (denotation, connotation, examples, etc.)
Denotation vs. Connotation
Denotation is the literal meaning of a word; connotation is the emotional or cultural meaning.
History
Understanding past debates and precedents to strengthen arguments.
Case Development
The process of building a strong argument by structuring claims and evidence effectively.
Toulmin Terminology
A model of argument with six parts: claim (the main point), grounds (evidence), warrant (connection), backing (support), qualifier (certainty level), and rebuttal (counterarguments).
Types of Claims (4)
Factual (truth-based), Value (judgment-based), Policy (action-based), Definition (meaning-based).
Claims vs. Propositions
A claim is a statement within an argument; a proposition is the overall argument’s main focus.
Types of Sources & Their Usefulness
Different sources have varying levels of credibility and relevance for arguments.
Fact vs. Opinion
Facts are proven; opinions are beliefs or interpretations.
Tests of Evidence
Recency
Relevance
Reliability
Expertise
Objectivity
Consistency
Access
Accuracy of citation
Recency
How recent the evidence is.
Relevance
How related the evidence is to the argument
Reliability
How trustworthy the source is
Expertise
Whether the source has knowledge or credentials.
Objectivity
Whether the evidence is unbiased
Consistency
Whether the evidence aligns with other reliable sources.
Access
Whether the source had firsthand knowledge.
Accuracy of Citation
Whether the evidence is properly sourced and referenced.
What Makes a Value Issue? (Their Nature)
Arguments based on morals, ethics, or cultural standards rather than objective facts.
Advocating/Opposing Value Arguments
Making or refuting claims about what is right, wrong, good, or bad.
Advocating/Opposing Fact Arguments
Making or refuting claims based on factual evidence.
The Process/Structure of Developing a Case
Building an argument step by step with clear claims, evidence, and reasoning.
