Test 1

Question 1

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Contents are not divided into compartments by membranes.

Question 2

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

They have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 3

What are bacteria?

Answer 3

Single-celled organisms with peptidoglycan walls.

Question 4

What are archaea?

Answer 4

Distinctive rRNA sequences, cell walls, and membrane lipids; can generate gases in high temperature.

Question 5

What is Eukarya?

Answer 5

Includes plants, animals, protists, or fungi.

Question 6

What are protists?

Answer 6

They are fungi and are both animal and plant-like.

Question 7

What are fungi?

Answer 7

Diverse group of microorganisms ranging from unicellular forms (yeasts) to multicellular molds and mushrooms.

Question 8

What are viruses?

Answer 8

Acellular entities that must invade a host cell to multiply.

Question 9

What are viroids?

Answer 9

Infectious agents composed only of ribonucleic acid.

Question 10

What are satellites?

Answer 10

Composed of a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell.

Question 11

What are prions?

Answer 11

Infectious agents composed only of protein, responsible for causing neurological diseases.

Question 12

What are stromatolites?

Answer 12

Rock-like structures containing cyanobacteria.

Question 13

What does ‘attenuated’ refer to?

Answer 13

Bacteria incubated for long periods that have weakened.

Question 14

What are amino acids?

Answer 14

Building blocks of proteins.

Question 15

What are nucleotides?

Answer 15

Building blocks of nucleic acids.

Question 16

What are glycerol and fatty acids?

Answer 16

Components of lipids.

Question 17

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 17

Building blocks of carbohydrates.

Question 18

What is polymerization?

Answer 18

Adding amino acids to a peptide.

Question 19

bacteria rickettsia are similar to

Answer 19

mitochondria

Question 20

prochloron is similar to

Answer 20

chloroplast

Question 21

Myxococcus Xanthus

Answer 21

behave like multicellular fungi

Question 22

Candidatus Thiomargarita magnifica

Answer 22

fungi/ pepins/ 700,000

Question 23

Mycoplasma genitalium

Answer 23

free living/ no wall/small/gentalia

Question 24

Nanoarchaeum equitans

Answer 24

smallest archaeon - mutualistic / parasitic relationship with Ignicoccus bacteria (highly dependent on them to DNA replicate

Question 25

Nasuia Deltocephalinicola

Answer 25

sap insect (small non freeliving bacteria)

Question 26

Siderophores

Answer 26

transportation of iron

Question 27

Teichoic acid:

Answer 27

bind to plasma membrane to stabilize the cell wall and stand different environments

Question 28

lipopolysaccharides

Answer 28

Lipid A (fatty acid that connects to polysaccharide and can trigger unnecessary response), o side chain (they help stabilize the outer membrane so the membrane don’t melt

Question 29

Braun's lipoproteins

Answer 29

connect the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan

Question 30

Mycoplasma

Answer 30

no cell wall and lipoprotein membrane

Question 31

MreB

Answer 31

actin that heps wih cell shape (RODS)

Question 32

CreS

Answer 32

Maintains curved shape

Question 33

F-plasmids

Answer 33

capable of conjugation

Question 34

(R)plasmids

Answer 34

resistance

Question 35

Col-plasmids

Answer 35

code for bacteriocins, proteins that kill other bacteria

Question 36

MOSAICISM

Answer 36

viruses grouped into families with common functions

Question 37

RETROTRANSPOSON

Answer 37

repeating sequence with GAG and PAL

Question 37

GAG

Answer 37

reverse transcriptase

Question 38

PAL

Answer 38

protease and integrase which cuts up polypeptides in different locations

Question 39

ENV

Answer 39

glycoprotein that makes up virus capsid and envelope and is what separates the retrotransposons from viruses

Question 40

Eclipse: Latent: Rise: Burst:

Answer 40

- virus is released from capsid (blacked out) - time of cell infection till virus release from infected cell - the viruses start getting produced till they decide its enough and stop - total number of progenies produced by single virus

Question 41

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (ATP TOO)

Answer 41

virus lines up with the membrane wall

Question 42

Hollin and Endolysin

Answer 42

BACTERIA LYSIS: Hollin(inner membrane) and Endolysin(cytoplasm). There will be a lot of Hollin that it will cause crystals to form in the membrane which makes holes so that endolysin can go to the periplasmic layer opening the peptidoglycan wall and letting it release.

Question 43

pRB and E2F

Answer 43

similar to kinase and E7 (must disassociate to start replicating

Question 44

E6 and p53

Answer 44

E6 Inhibits tumor suppressor p53

Question 45

group 1 2 3 4 6

Answer 45

dsdna ssdna ddrna ssrna ssrna retro

Question 46

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS (GENERAL STRATEGY):

Answer 46

cell wall, protein, metabolism, nucleic acid

Question 47

cell wall inhibitor

Answer 47

beta lactam ring + penecillan + block the enzyme that catalyzes transpeptidase

Question 48

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS:

Answer 48

Don’t effect eukaryotic ribosomes

Question 49

1.) AMINOGLYCOSIDES (30S) 2.) TETRACYCLINE 3.) MACROLIDES

Answer 49

1.) MRNA there is interfere with the translation + KTS 2.) the 30 S ribosome which inhibits the binding of aminoacytl-TRNA (slows down) 3.) inhibits peptide chain elongation

Question 50

METABOLIC ANTAGONISTS

Answer 50

sulfa drugs: P-Aminobenzoic (PABA) mimicry that stops folic acid production

Question 51

NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS:

Answer 51

○ block DNA replication by inhibiting DNA polymerase or helicase ○ or they can block Transcription by inhibiting the RNA polymerase

Question 52

FLUOROQUINOLONES:

Answer 52

DNA gyrase and topoimoserase which help unwind DNA for replication to occur.

Question 53

RIFAMYCINS

Answer 53

beta subunit of RNA polymerase.

Question 54

1.) Adenine Arabinosides: 2.) Oseltamivir 3.) Remdesivir

Answer 54

1.) Inhibits herpes virus enzymes in DNA and RNA synthesis functions. 2.) Preventing influenza viruses from getting into the cell and reproducing. 3.) looks like adenosine nucleoside triphosphate (dysfunctional proteins)