test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Kinematics is the _______ of a segment ______ regard to forces that cause movement.
Kinematic Variables are (5)
A
Displacement or motion; without
Type, location, Direction, magnitude, rate
2
Q
What are the 2 types of displacement?
A
Translatory- Linear displacement, rare in humans
Rotary- angular displacement, has a center of rotation
3
Q
3 axis, corresponding plane, and direction
A
X axis- sagittal plane, flexion, extension
Y axis- transverse plane, int and ext rotation
Z axis- frontal plane, abduction, adduction
4
Q
Speed Vs Velocity?
A
Speed- displacement per unit of time, regardless of direction
Velocity- displacement per unit of time in a given direction
5
Q
External vs Internal Forces?
A
External forces- pushes or pulls from outside the body and DO NOT forget about gravity
Internal forces- forces that act on structures of the body from within the body, initiate movement
6
Q
When masses of two or more segments are combined, the new COM vector is _____ and ____ with the original two COM vectors
If the segments are unequal in mass, the new COM vector will lie ____ to the heavier segment
A
Between and in line
Closer to the heavier segment
7
Q
COM will typically be found where?
A
Anterior to S2
8
Q
What is Newton’s First Law?
A
Law of Inertia, an object will continue in motion until a force causes the speed or direction to change
9
Q
What is Newton’s Second Law?
A
Law of Acceleration, F=MA
10
Q
What is Newton’s Third Law?
Two objects touching each other results in…
A
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Reaction Forces
11
Q
Tensile Forces are created by ____ on the ______
It is ____ to the long axis of the segment/ object
A
opposite pulls on the same segment or object
Parallel
12
Q
Joint Distraction Forces are ______ from the joint surface to which it is applied
It is _____ to its joint surface
A
directed away
perpindicular
13
Q
Joint Reaction/ Compression Forces are when two body segments are _____ together and ______
Forces are _____ and directed toward the joint surface
A
pushed together and touch
perpindicular
14
Q
Shear Forces is the action of the force is ____ to the contacting forces
It is applied in the _____ of movement
A
Parallel
SAME direction
15
Q
Friction Forces is the action is ____ to the contact surfaces
It is applied in the _____ of movement
A
Parallel
OPPOSITE Direction
16
Q
Isolated Force through COM?
Isolated Force NOT through COM?
Two equal and opposite forces?
A
Translation
Rotation and Translation
Rotation
17
Q
What is the Equation for Torque?
A
Torque= Moment Arm (shortest perpendicular distance between forces) x Magnitude of Force
The greater the force or distance, the greater the torque
18
Q
The direction of pull for any muscle is toward the _____ of the muscle
Movement occurs when the torque of a muscle______
A
CENTER
Exceeds opposing torques
19
Q
Effort Force is ____ than the resistance force to ______
A
GREATER, to produce rotation
20
Q
1st Class Lever System?
2nd Class Lever System?
3rd Class Lever System?
A
1st Class- Axis is between EF and RF
2nd Class- RF is between axis and EF, EF MA is larger
3rd Class- EF is between axis and RF, RF MA is larger
21
Q
2nd class levers- MAd is____ and a _____ EF Required
But _____ angular displacement and velocity is gained
A
> 1, smaller EF required
Less
22
Q
1st and 3r class levers- MAd is____ and a _____ EF Required
But _____ angular displacement and velocity is gained
A
<1, larger EF required
More
23
Q
Open Chain vs Closed Chain
A
Open Chain- Distal segment is open to move, sitting knee flexion and extension
Closed Chain- Distal segment is fixed, leg press
24
Q
Wolff’s Law: bones will adapt based on ____ or ____ placed on them
A
stress or demands
25
Suture Joint?
Gomphosis Joint?
Syndesmosis?
Bone edges interlock one another, frontal bones
Peg in a hole joint, tooth or maxilla
joined by interosseus ligament, radius and ulna
26
Symphysis?
Synchondrosis?
Directly joined by fibrocartilage and covered with hyaline cartilage, intervertebral joints
Connected by hyaline cartilage, first 7 ribs to sternum
27
Synovial Joints: No ____ _____ directly unites bony surfaces
connective tissue
28
Joint Capsule: Inner synovial layer provides _____ _____ and ______ to cartilage
Outer Fibrous layer is a ____ ______ connective tissue with varying thickness. Has poor _____ and good ______
lubrication, vascularization, and nutrition
Dense irregular, poor vascularity and good innervation
29
Type 1 Joint Receptor Name, Sensitivity and Location
Ruffini, Stretch usually at extremes of extension
Fibrous layer of joint capsules
30
Type 2 Joint Receptor Name, Sensitivity and Location
Pacini, Compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure and joint movement
Located throughout joint capsule, in deeper layers and in fat pads
31
Type 3 Joint Receptor Name, Sensitivity and Location
Golgi, pressure and forceful joint motion into extremes of motion
Inner layer of joint capsules, ligaments, and tendons
32
Type 4 Joint Receptor Name, Sensitivity and Location
Unmyelinated free nerve endings, non nonxious and noxious mechanical stress
Located around blood vessels in synovial layer
33
Synovial Fluid: covers the _____
Hyaluronate-
Lubricin-
inner synovial membrane
viscosity of fluid and essential for lubrication
cartilage on cartilage lubrication
34
Normal Synovial Fluid is what color?
clear pale yellow viscous fluid
35
Uniaxial joints
Biaxial joints
Triaxial joints
Hinge joint (humeroulnar) and pivot joint (proximal radioulnar)
Condyloid joint (radiocarpal) and saddle joint (first metacarpal)
Plane joint (intercarpal) and ball and socket joint
36
If convex moves on concave,
If concave moves on convex,
Explain in terms of tibia and femur...
roll and glide moves in opposite directions
roll and glide occurs in the same direction
37
Soft End Feel
Firm End Feel
Hard End Feel
Limited by approximation of soft tissues, elbow flexion
Limited by capsuloligamentous structures, knee extension
Limited by bone, elbow extension
38
Type 1 Collagen makes up ____ of collage in body
Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 Collagen
90%
Type 1- Most tension
Type 2- compression
Type 3- tension
39
Different Connective tissue structures
Which one is not made up of Type 1 collagen?
Tendon, Ligaments, Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, bone
Hyaline Cartilage
40
Isotropic Material- display the same mechanical behavior _____ the direction of force applied
Anisotropic Material- display the same mechanical behavior_____ the direction of force applied
no matter
Vary depending
41
Stress Strain Curve Terms
Toe Region
Elastic Region
Yield Point
Plastic Region
Failure Point
Toe region- materials have to straighten out first
Elastic Region- Reversible deformation
Yield Point- the point at which a material cannot return to its original shape
Plastic Region- the material starts to deform permanently
Failure Point- the ultimate breaking point where the material tears or breaks
42
Stress- load per____ that develops on a plan surface within a structure in response to _____
Equation for Stress?
unit area, externally applied loads
Stress= applied force/area
43
Strain is the _____ in response to an ____ applied load (%)
What is the equation?
How much the material stretches or compresses!
deformation, externally
Strain- L2-L1/L1
44
Brittle vs Ductile?
Brittle- little deformation before failure
Ductile- great deformation before failure
45
Explain the Stress-Strain Curve for a Ligament
What is Young Modulus?
Toe Region- 1-2% strain
Elastic Region- 4% strain
Plastic Region- grade 1 and 2 ligament
Macro failure- rupture or avulsion
measurement of structure's ability to withstand changes in length. High Young Modulus is material is stiff and doesn't stretch much under stress. Low Young Modulus means the material is more flexible and stretches easily under same force.
46
Elasticity is...
Deformation is ____ to the applied forces or loads
Elasticity- ability to return to original length/shape; directly proportional
47
Viscosity is...
Behavior is dependent on what 3 things?
High Viscosity means a...
Viscosity is resistance to flow (fluid prop)
Time, rate and history of loading
High resistance to deformation
48
Creep- tissue deformation _____ if force is maintained
Stress Relaxation- as tissue is stretched to a _______, _____ is required to maintain that length overtime
Stress- Rate Sensitivity- tissue response varies based on ____
If load speed is applied rapidly, tissue is _____. Thus _____ required to deform tissue
gradually continues
fixed length, less force
load speed,stiffer, greater force
49
Tendons are most vulnerable at what point?
Ligaments however are less resistant to what?
Where they attach to bones
Tensile stress which means ligaments are more likely to stretch or tear under less force than tendons
50
Immobilization or stress deprivation can lead to...
Time frame for changes and recovery...
Contractures- shortening of the muscle or tendons, weaker bone/tendons/ligaments, and weaker muscles due to loss of sarcomeres
Changes can occur in 8 weeks and recovery can take 18 months or longer
51
Joint Stability is greatest in a _____
For ex. in the knee,
What is loose packed position?
closed pack position meaning when the joint surfaces are in maximum contact with each other. The knee is most stable when it is fully extended.
When the joint surfaces are not in maximum contact with each other and muscle demand is higher to achieve stability.
52
Type 1 muscle fibers
What does tonic mean?
Location of a ton of Type 1?
Slow oxidative important for endurance and sustained contractions. They are tonic meaning they can sustain tension for long durations without fatiguing.
Soleus contains up to 80% type 1 fibers because they are used in maintaining posture while standing
53
Type 2 muscle fibers (2 types)
2A- fast oxidative glycolytic intermediate, use both aerobic and anaerobic pathways for energy production, moderate resistance to fatigue
2B- fast glycolytic, anaerobic glycolysis, generate max force and high power output, fatigue fast
54
What is the physiological cross sectional area?
The amount of force a muscle can produce is ____ to the _____. A muscle with a larger cross sectional area has _____ meaning it can generate____
refers to the cross sectional area of the muscle measured perpendicular to the orientation of the fibers
directly proportional to the number of sarcomeres arranged side by side.
More sarcomeres in parallel meaning it can generate more force because it can contract more sarcomeres at once
55
What is muscle fiber length? Which is dependent on what?
A muscle fiber with more sarcomeres in series can potentially ____ which can lead to _____
refers to the distance a muscle fiber can shorten or lengthen during contraction which is dependent by the number of sarcomeres arranged in series
shorten more which can lead to greater force production
56
Pennation is?
Strap Parallel muscles?
Pennate muscles? How do these generate more force
Refers to the angle at which muscle fibers are arranged relative to the tendon
Fibers run parallel to the tendon which typical for muscles that generate high velocity and greater ROM
Fibers are arranged at an angle to the tendon, this arrangement allows for more fibers to fit into a given area increasing the PCSA and generating more force
57
A longer muscle can contract over a greater distance meaning it can ____
A shorter muscle with more fibers in parallel tends to ____ because___
produce more movement in the joint
produce greater force because it has a larger PCSA
58
What are the layers of the connective tissue from deepest to most superficial?
Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
59
Superficial vs Deep Fascia
Superficial- contributes to mobility of skin and acts as an insulator
Deep- attach to muscle/bones and can form tracts, bands, or retinacula
60
What is passive elastic component?
Add passive tension and stiffness through parallel (connective tissues) and series (tendons) elastic components
61
Difference between passive tension and active tension?
Passive tension- developed in parallel elastic components of muscle, as muscle shortens parallel components become less stretched
Active tension- developed by contractile elements of the muscle initiated by cross bridge formation
62
Optional sarcomere length at which a muscle can develop maximal tension is=
What is active insufficiency?
1.2 times resting length
Decreased force capability due to shortened state of agonist; influenced by lengthening state of antagonist for ex. wrist extension/flexion
63
What is the force velocity relationship?
Concentric, Eccentric, Isometric?
Ability of a muscle to generate force is affected by speed at which a concentric or eccentric contraction occurs
Concentric- as force development increases, velocity of the contraction will decrease
Eccentric- as force development increases, velocity of contraction will also increase
Isometric- contractile velocity is zero, force is greater than concentric
64
What does the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament?
It is the anterior surface of vertebral bodies____
Fibers blend in with_____
Thickest in?
Resist extension
C2 to sacrum
Annulus Fibrosis
Lordotic regions
65
WHat does the posterior longitudnal ligament resist?
Ligamentum flavum is always under?
What is the interspinous ligament?
Resists flexion
Under constant tension even in neutral
Connects SP of adjacent vertebrae
66
What does the intertransverse ligament resist?
Resists lateral flexion between TP
67
What ligaments resist rotation?
It is the strongest at where?
Vulnerable in what position?
Alar Ligament at atlas (C0-C2), limits ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation
Facet/ZAJ Capsules resists forward flexion and rotation, strongest at transition zones cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar, and vulnerable in extreme flexion, esp lumbar
68
What is coupling?
the consistent association of one motion around an axis with another motion around another axis,
pure motions are rare
69
The amount of motion depends on_____
The direction of motion depends on_____
the size of the discs
the orientation of the facets
70
OA joint...
Occiput has_____
C1 ATlas has a _____ superior facet
Function?
Occiput has convex condyles
C1 has a concave superior facet
Function nodding head on C1
71
AA joint...
C1 _____ convex facets
C2_____ convex facets
Function?
inferior
superior
Rotation of C1 on C2
72
What is the difference between posterior/ Anterior atlanto occipital and atlanto axial ligaments? What does it connect to?
Posterior OA joint connects C0-C1 and AA joint connects C1 and C2
and it is a continuation of the ligamentum flavum
Anterior is a continuation of the ALL
73
Tectorial Membrane is a continuation of?
Ligamentum Nuchae resists?
Tectorial membrane is a continuation of PLL
Ligamentum Nuchae resists flexion
74
Transverse ligament is critical in maintaining, it also holds the ______ to anterior _____
C1 and C2 stability
Dens to anterior C1
75
In the lower cervical region, it has a small cervical body with ______ processes. It creates what type of joint?
Uncinate
Saddle type joint
76
Upper cervical flexion/extension is what on what?
Upper cervical lateral flexion is coupled with _____. Majority at_____. C1 moves_____.
Rotation is coupled with_____
Convex on concave
Flexion-rolls anterior and slides posterior
Extension- rolls posterior and slides anterior
Contralateral rotation, majority at C0-C1 10 degrees, C1 moves ipsilaterally
Rotation is coupled with contralateral lateral flexion
77
Lower Cervical (C2-C7) flexion and extension?
Gradually increases until where?
C5/C6 has the _____ range of _____
C6/C7 relative ____ in Flex/ext
Flexion- anterior tilt and slide coupled UP slide of the ZAJ
Extension- posterior tilt and slide coupled down slide of ZAJ
C5 and C6, greatest range of flexion and extension
Decrease
78
Thoracic spine has the smallest what?
intervertebral disc ratio (stability>mobility)
78
Lower Cervical Lateral Flexion coupled with?
Rotation coupled with?
R. Lateral Flexion causes...
Ipsilateral rotation
Ipsilateral lateral flexion
Ipsilateral tilt and slide of interbody joints
and Ipsilateral Down slide of R ZAJ, Contralateral UP slide of L ZAJ
78
Thoracic spine couples what with what motion?
Rotation of a segment causes ribs to shift...
Posterior ipsilateral rib is______ (convex or concave)
Anterior contralateral rib _____ (convex or concave)
Lateral flexion with axial rotation, primarily ipsilateral
(more concave)
More convex
79
In the lumbar spine arranged in sheets called____
Collagen fibers oriented in ____ at _____ degrees
Supraspinous ligament terminates at ____
Iliolumbar ligament prevents_____ of ____ due to ____ and all movements of ____
Lamellae
opposite directions at 120 degrees
L4
anterior displacement of L5 due to shear forces
and all movements of L5 on S1
80
Lumbar Spine:
Flexion/Extension tilt and slide?
Rotation? What happens at ZAJ?
Lateral Flexion?
Tilt and slide occur in the same direction
Body tilt and slide translate ipsilaterally
Ipsilateral ZAJ distracts, contralateral ZAJ compresses
Body tilt and slide translate ipsilaterally
81
What is the lumbopelvic rhythm?
Forward bending: Lumbar flexion followed by anterior pelvic tilt
Return to erect stance: posterior pelvic tilt followed by lumbar extension
82
Lumbar interbody joints bear____ of compressive forces and facets _____
L4-L5 bear _____ of shear forces at ZAJ
Increased shear loads= disc plays____
80% and 20%
65%
A more significant role
83
Sacrum: Nutation vs Counternutation
Nutation- sacral base rotates anteriorly (anterior pelvic tilt) on fixed innominates, hip flexion
Counternutation- sacral base rotates posteriorly (posterior pelvic tilt) on the fixed innominates, hip extension
84
Nutation resisted by...
Counternutation resisted by...
Nutation- resisted by Sacro tuberous, sacrospinous, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
Counternutation resisted by long posterior sacroiliac ligament
85
What are the levator ani muscles and function?
Iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus
lift pelvic floor and constrict openings
generate and maintain intraabdominal pressure
86
What are the lifting principles? What are the differences?
Squat lift vs stoop lift
Squat lift- neutral lumbar spine, erector spinae offset large anterior shear force, lower disc pressure, higher compressive forces
Stoop lift- elongated spinal extensor muscles, decreased MA, erector spinae less able to counteract anterior shear, increased posterior disc pressure
87
The inferior TM joint functions as what joint rolling where during opening?
The superior TM joint functions as what joint sliding what during opening?
Hinge joint rolling posterior
Plane joint sliding anterior
88
Articular disc attaches to what muscle anteriorly? It restricts what motion?
Lateral pterygoid muscle
Restricts posterior translation
89
Anterior/ posterior band and intermediate zone disc is how thick?
Anterior- 2 mm thick
Intermediate zone- 1 mm thick
Posterior band- 3 mm thick
90
The temporomandibular ligament resists what motion oblique, horizontal, and both?
Oblique- limits downward and posterior motion rotation of mandible
Horizontal- resist posterior motion of condyle
Both resist lateral displacement
91
The stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligament limits what motions?
Protrusion of jaw
92
Normal depression ROM is____
What is functional vs normal?
1st rotation is ______ mm anterior rotation of condyle on disc. ____ roll of mandible
2nd rotation is both the ____ and _____ in what directions? ____ slide of condyle
40-50mm
2 fingers functional, 3 fingers normal
11-25mm Posterior
Condyle and disc anterior and inferior, anterior slide of condyle
93
Protrusion and Retrusion occur in what portion of the joint?
Protrusion is _____ translation without ____ of inferior joint. Bilateral lamina stretches____ to allow complete motion.
Retrusion is translation ____ how many mm?
Superior portion of the joint
Anterior translation without rotation
6-9mm
posteriorly 3 mm
94
Normal degree of lateral excursion is _____
What is a functional screen for this movement?
What is ipsilateral/ contralateral/ mandibular condyle?
8-11 mm
can mandible move full width of one of central incisors
ipsilateral mandibular condyle spins around vertical axis (inferior portion of joint)
contralateral mandibular condyle translates anterior (superior portion of joint)
95
What cranial nerves for the muscles of the face?
5,7,12
96
What is the freeway space? Why?
What decreases freeway space?
normal rest position 5mm of space between upper and lower teeth
Decreases intra articular pressure, decreases stress on articular structures, allows for rest and repair of surrounding tissues
Forward head posture
97
OA likely occurs in what % of individuals with increased frequency in ?
14-40% with increased frequency in Men>Women
98
Articular Disc Displacement with reduction
COndyle is ____ at rest, translates _____ with depression and click occurs
Condyle translates _____ and slips out from under disc during _____ second click occurs
Reciprocal click during depression and elevation
Behind disc ar rest, translates anteriorly
Posterity and slips out from under disc during elevation
99
Articular disc displacement without reduction
____ attachments are overstretched, unable to relocate during _____
No ____ occur
Posterior, depression
No clicks occur
100
Anticipatory Postural adjustments occur ____ ms prior to planned movement
Anticipatory syngery adjustments occur ____ ms prior to planned movement
100 ms
250-300 ms
