Test 1 Flashcards
Orthodontics is the study of
The growth of the craniofacial complex, development of the occlusion, and the treatment of dentofacial abnormalaties by realigning of teeth and establishing pleasing facial profile including the neuromuscular and dentofacial complexes to obtain optimal function.
What is the prime objective of orthodontics?
To ensure optimal alignment of teeth and jaws, enhancing the symmetry of one’s facial structure and optimal function of the neuromuscular system.
What are the goals related to orthodontic cases? (In order)
- Determine etiology of the client’s presentation
- Assessing a diagnosis
- Preventive measures to avoid or reduce future problems
- Establish treatment options for occlusion and profile
- Maintaining an acceptable occlusion
What is an example of etiology?
Thumb sucking
What is an example of a diagnosis?
Class II malocclusion, severe overjet, narrow high-vaulted palate
What is an example of a preventive measure?
Habit breaker (thumb sucking appliance)
What is an example of a treatment option?
Palatal expander or headgear
What is an example of maintenance?
Retainers
What are the main classes of indications for minor tooth movement?
- Aesthetics
- Interception of imbalanced forces
- Preparation to receive prosthetic dentistry
- Prevention of periodontal/pathologic problems
- Assists in the correction of speech impediments
- Preparation for surgical corrections
Aesthetics is often due to the appearance of
The anterior region
What is the interception of imbalanced forces?
It is the elimination of certain local factors (such as thumbsucking) that upset the delicate balance of muscle forces on the dentition.
What is the preparation to receive prosthetic dentistry?
Moving teeth prior to using prosthetic appliances like uprighting abutment teeth for a bridge.
What is the prevention of periodontal/pathologic problems?
Using orthodontics to avoid issues like severe protrusion of the maxilla causing incomplete closure of the lips leading to chronic dryness.
How does orthodontics assist in the correction of speech impediments?
Open bites and anterior crossbites can cause defective pronunciation of syllables. Orthodontics to correct those issues resolve the speech impediments.
What is preparation for surgical correction?
When the orthodontist and plastic surgeon work together to correct severe issues like severe mandibular prognathism. (Lawson twins)
In the growth of the cranial and facial bones, what grows first?
Calvarium evolves the quickest
In the growth of the cranial and facial bones, what grows second?
The midface grows to keep up with the calvarium
In the growth of the cranial and facial bones, what grows third/last?
The mandible catches up to the midface around age 10 - 15
What is the calvarium also known as?
Skull cap
What is the calvarium made up of?
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bones
The neural tissues grows very early in life and is well developed by
The time the child is five
The lympohid tissue also grows early and often this tissue proliferates to such a point that
Some has to be removed (like tonsils and adenoids)
There is a specific growth spurt of the face for children between the ages of
3-6
Due to the facial growth spurt of children between the ages of 3-6, what do orthodontists often do?
Use this time period to correct severe Class II and Class III skeletal dysplasias with appliances like corrective headgear
After age 3-6 there is a plateau in facial growth until
Puberty
What does the blue line represent?
Lymphoid growth
What does the green line represent?
Neural growth
What does the yellow line represent?
Maxillary growth
What does the pink line represent?
Mandibular growth
What does the red line represent?
General growth
What does the black line represent?
Genital growth
True or False: Lymphoid curve shows tonsils and adenoids are highly developed at an early age.
True
The neural curve shows that growth is well developed by the age of
Five
The general curve shows that a specific growth spurt often occurs between the ages of
3-6
Genital development’s happens in the onset of puberty which occurs at which ages for boys, and girls?
Boys - 12
Girls - 10
When does the major growth spurt of puberty happen for girls?
Starts at 10 and peaks at 11-13
When does the major growth spurt of puberty happen for boys?
Starts at 12 and peaks at 14-15
What are the three main areas of growth of the maxilla?
Aveolar process
Maxillary tuberosity
Maxillary sutures
What are the four main suture areas where growth occurs in the maxilla?
Fronto-maxillary (FM) - down and forward
Zygomatic-maxillary (ZM) - down, forward, width
Zygomatic-temporo (ZT) - down, forward, length
Midpalatine (MP) - width
Label A
MP
Label B
ZM
Label C
FM
Label D
ZT
The expanding of the suture MX midline suture (MP) gives the larger permanent incisors room to
Reduce or avoid minor crowding
How else can anterior crowding be reduced during development?
- Lateral development of the canine eminence
- Forward development of the alveolar process
How can maxillary anterior crowding after age 10 be corrected?
Only with ortho
What are the three main areas of growth in the mandible?
Alveolar process
Ramus
Condyles
How does the alveolar process grow?
Develops in depth and length, canine eminence develops width, anterior teeth develop the process facially, overall depth of the process increases
How does the ramus grow?
Devlops more posteriorly as the alveolar process increases
How do the condyles grow?
Apposition of bone on the condyle increases the height of the mandible leading to more mandible development down and forward
When does the midline suture of the mandible fuse?
At age 1
True or False: Crowding of the primary anterior mandibular teeth is a good indicator of crowding in the permanent teeth.
True
What else may provide some further spacing for the mandibular centrals and laterals resulting in increased overall width of the mandible?
Canine eminence
It is necessary to understand how the craniofacial complex (maxilla and mandible) grow independently as well as together to determine
Possible etiologic factors of facial disharmonies
What are the variables on growth and development?
Genetics
Disease
Nutrition
True or False: Individual development displays little variability from one child to the next.
False. Individual development displays much variability from one child to the next.
According to the study guide page 7, what is the bottom line regarding growth?
Compare indiviuals at the same stage of biologic development not chronological age.
What is a useful general assessment for the adolescent growth spurt?
Recording height and weight
A lateral cephalogram (ceph) can help determine timing of ortho treatment by examining
A change in the shape of the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae, to see if the caudal surfaces have progressed from being flat to becoming concave.
What else can be used to determine the timing of ortho instead of a ceph?
Calcification of the seasamoid bone in the wrist
What are the head shapes related to malocclusion?
Dolichocephalic
Brachycephalic
What is dolichocephalic?
A long narrow head shape with vertically enlongated facial pattern and mandibular retrusion. (Tom)
What occlusion class(es) is dolichocehalic typical to?
Class II Div 0
Class II Div 1
What is brachycephalic?
Rounder head shape with shorted and wider facial pattern and a protrusion midface (Leo)
What occlusion class(es) is typical of brachycephalic?
Class I
Class II Div II
Class III (most common)
Is airway space significant in growth and development?
Yes
What can mouthbreathing postures cause?
Different developmental responses to adapt to the condition, and perhaps contribute to the development of a malocclusion.
In regards to esthetics, it is the orthodontist’s responsibilty to seek a way to enhance the best features while
Avoiding consequences that will detract from overall attractiveness
What is the goal of preventative orthodontics?
To remove obstacles to normal growth of the face and teeth by maintaining or restoring function and to prevent loss of arch space, due to the loss of prmary teeth eg. space maintainers, exos of retained baby teeth, thumb sucking appliance
What are the three stages of orthodontics?
Preventative
Interceptive
Corrective
When does interceptive ortho occur?
Ages 6-9
What is interceptive ortho?
An extension of preventive ortho that may include localized tooth movement
What are examples of interceptive ortho?
Preventive appliances
Serial extractions for lack of space being a major problem
Expanders
What is corrective ortho?
Comprehensive ortho (brackets/Invisalign, etc) that leads to the improvement of a client’s craniofacial disfunction and/or deformaties
