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Clinical Applications and Articles > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

person’s own immune system makes antibodies that attack antigens in the basement membranes of the glomeruli of the kidneys. acute renal failure. autoimmune inflammation of the glomeruli is ______

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome, glomerulonephritis

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1
Q

A genetic disorder of the collagen subunits. leads to degradation and can cause kidney failure

A

Alport’s syndrome

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4
Q

what does cholesterol in the plasma membrane do and what happens if is off?

A

helps determine the flexibility of a plasma membrane. if ration is off, flexibility will be reduced. i.e.the inability of red blood cells to flex at the middle when passing through narrow blood channels, thereby causing occlusion of these small vessels

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5
Q

Maltose is made up of

A

Glucose + Glucose

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6
Q

Lactose is made of

A

Glucose + Galactose

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7
Q

Sucrose is made up of

A

Glucose + Fructose

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8
Q

Maltose is made up of

A

Glucose + Glucose

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9
Q

Lactose is made of

A

Glucose + Galactose

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10
Q

Sucrose is made up of

A

Glucose + Fructose

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11
Q

Trans fatty acids lower the amounts of _____, raise the amounts of ______, thereby increasing the risk of _____

A

LDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol
coronary artery disease

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12
Q

name three examples of genetic defects where a person does not have the proper amount of specific lysosomal enzymes, the resulting in the accumulation of glycogen and lipid can destroy tissue. collectively these are examples of ______

A

Pompe disease
Tay-Sach’s Disease
Gaucher’s disease
Glycogen storage diseases

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13
Q

in the HapMap Project, scientists provided a genome map of common single base pair variations known as _______. what do they hope to use this information for?

A

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

to determine different predispositions to the complex diseases and to devise personal medical treatments

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14
Q

stem cells of the nervous system

A

neural stem cells

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15
Q

neurological disease of the brain particularly of the basal ganglia physical and psychological conditions. disease inherited on the DOMINANT Chromosome 4.
what is the defective gene called?

A

Huntington’s disease

the huntington gene

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16
Q

the most common genetic cause of mental retardation

A

fragile X syndrome

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17
Q

what enzyme present in the blood can be associated with difficulty peeing and enlarged prostate

A

Acid Phosphatase

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18
Q

elevated levels of plasma creatine phosphokinase could indicate what?

A

myocardial infarction

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19
Q

what are the 3 isoenzymatic forms of creatine phosphokinase?

A

MM - diseased skeletal muscle
BB - damaged brain
MB - diseased heart

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20
Q

which enzyme with an acid PH optimum is associated with disease of the prostate?

A

elevated blood levels of a prostatic phosphatase

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21
Q

which enzyme with a high pH optimum is associated with bone disease?

A

alkaline phosphatase

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22
Q

what therapy was tried in the 1980’s to cure SCID. what is it caused by?

A

genome therapy using viruses to deliver the ADA gene to the hematopoitec stem cells
deficiency in adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

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23
Q

2 diseases with successful gene therapy treatments?

A

Leber’s congenital amaurosis

X-Linked adrenoleukodystrophy

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24
Q

metabolic pathway that begins with phenylalonine as initial substrate is defective, final product of a divergent pathway accumulates in the blood and urin. result in mental retardation and shortened life span. all babies are tested. what is it, how is it detected, and what is done as a treatment?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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25
Q

Trans fatty acids lower the amounts of _____, raise the amounts of ______, thereby increasing the risk of _____

A

LDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol
coronary artery disease

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

name three examples of genetic defects where a person does not have the proper amount of specific lysosomal enzymes, the resulting in the accumulation of glycogen and lipid can destroy tissue. collectively these are examples of ______

A

Pompe disease
Tay-Sach’s Disease
Gaucher’s disease
Glycogen storage diseases

27
Q

in the HapMap Project, scientists provided a genome map of common single base pair variations known as _______. what do they hope to use this information for?

A

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

to determine different predispositions to the complex diseases and to devise personal medical treatments

28
Q

stem cells in the adult that can form blood cells?

A

hematopoitic

29
Q

stem cells that can differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and other derivatives of mesoderm

A

mesenchymal stem cells

30
Q

stem cells of the nervous system

A

neural stem cells

31
Q

neurological disease of the brain particularly of the basal ganglia physical and psychological conditions. disease inherited on the DOMINANT Chromosome 4.
what is the defective gene called?

A

Huntington’s disease

the huntington gene

32
Q

the most common genetic cause of mental retardation

A

fragile X syndrome

33
Q

what enzyme present in the blood can be associated with difficulty peeing and enlarged prostate

A

Acid Phosphatase

34
Q

elevated levels of plasma creatine phosphokinase could indicate what?

A

myocardial infarction

35
Q

what are the 3 isoenzymatic forms of creatine phosphokinase?

A

MM - diseased skeletal muscle
BB - damaged brain
MB - diseased heart

36
Q

which enzyme with an acid PH optimum is associated with disease of the prostate?

A

elevated blood levels of a prostatic phosphatase

37
Q

which enzyme with a high pH optimum is associated with bone disease?

A

alkaline phosphatase

38
Q

what therapy was tried in the 1980’s to cure SCID. what is it caused by?

A

genome therapy using viruses to deliver the ADA gene to the hematopoitec stem cells
deficiency in adenosine deaminase (ADA)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

39
Q

2 diseases with successful gene therapy treatments?

A

Leber’s congenital amaurosis

X-Linked adrenoleukodystrophy

40
Q

metabolic pathway that begins with phenylalonine as initial substrate is defective, final product of a divergent pathway accumulates in the blood and urin. result in mental retardation and shortened life span. all babies are tested. what is it, how is it detected, and what is done as a treatment?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU), detected by elevated levels of phynelpyruvic acid in blood. treated by an artificial diet with low amounts of the amino acid phenylalanine

42
Q

Tolerance

A

Agranular endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells are used for the inactivation of many drugs. taking Drugs taken for extended periods of time, requires increasingly large doses to achieve the effect initially due to the growth of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

The Human Genome project

A

human DNA is 99.6% similar, have less than 25,000 genes
international Haplotype Project or HapMap Project provided a genome map of common single base pair variations known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

44
Q

Inadequate blood flow to an organ such that the rate of oxygen delivery is insufficient to maintain aerobic respiration

A

ischemia

45
Q

inadequate blood flow to the heart

A

myocardial ischemia

46
Q

people with myocardial ischemia may have their blood flow occluded by atherosclerosis, a blood clot, or an artery spasm. this can produce severe pain in the chest and left (or sometimes right) arm area. what is this called?

A

Angina Pectoris

47
Q

The degree of ischemia (if prolonged can produce area called infarct) and angina can be decreased by what kind of drug?

A

vasodilator such as NITROGLYCERIN, dilating peripheral blood vessels

48
Q

Cyanide blocks what?

A

cytochrome a3 from delivering the e- to the O2. blocks OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORILATION

49
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

combination of central obesity insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension

50
Q

a family of enzymes that can break down extracellular proteins

A

Matrix metalloproteinases- use zinc as a cofactor. they are required in tissue remodeling. they are secreted as inactive enzymes

51
Q

MMPs can contribute to diseases if they are produced or activated inappropriately. name the 2 examples discussed

A

the ability of a cancerous tumor to metastasize

the destruction of cartilage protein in arthritis (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and others)

52
Q

The artificial process that is used to remove waste from the blood when kidneys fail?

A

dialysis - the wastes pass into a solution called a dialysate surrounding the dialysis membrane. Molecules needed in the body, however, are kept in the blood by including them in the dialysate. this prevents their net diffusion by abolishing their concentration gradients

53
Q

_____ occurs as a result of a genetic defect, abnormal NaCl and water movement occurs across wet epithelial membranes. where such membranes line the pancreatic ductules and small respiratory airways, they produce a dense, viscous mucus that cannot be properly clared, which may lead to pancreatic and pulmonary disorders.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

54
Q

What is the specific cholide channel in Cystic Fibrosis and why does it not work properly?

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
the protein, after being formed in the ER, is not transferred to the Golgi complex as it should and thus is not inserted into the plasma membrane

55
Q

If a person has an abnormally low concentration of plasma proteins what will happen?

A

excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues - EDEMA. for example when a damaged liver is unable to produce sufficient amounts of albumin the major protein in the blood plasma

56
Q

how would glycosuria effect the osmotic pressure of the urine and why is this important?

A

an extra solute in the urine, would increase osmotic pressure. less water is reabsorbed into the body in the kidney

57
Q

what type of fluid do we use that enters directly into a vein?

A 
Intravenous fluids - note: blood is 300 mOsm 
examples of isotonic intravenous fluids:
5 % dextrose
.85% NaCl
Ringer's lactate
58
Q

name an example of a HYPERTONIC solution used as an intravenous fluid and why is it used?

A

15 % mannitol promotes osmosis and thereby reduces the swelling in cerebral edema (caused by brain trauma or strokes)

59
Q

what triggers thirst?

A

osmoreceptors

60
Q

abnormally high concentrations of glucose in the blood

A

Hyperglycemia

61
Q

if you have glycouria, what is a likely diagnosis?

A

diabetes mellitus (due to inadequate secretion or action of insulin)

62
Q

I have a headache, shaky, tired, hungry, sweaty, and weak. I am also a diabetic. what is the diagnosis?

A

hypoglycemia. your brain just can’t get enough glucose! eat you darn fool!

63
Q

inflammation of stomach and intestines

A

Acute gastroenteritis- results in diarrhea, malnutrition, and metabolic acidosis

64
Q

Due to the fact that intravenous therapy is often not practical, what is a treatment for acute gastroenteritis. how does this work? and what drinks are NOT recommended for this?

A

Oral Rehydration therapy
cotransport of sodium and glucose cells. 2 Na+ with every glucose into the body
soda and juices- too much glucose, not enough sodium

Clinical Applications and Articles (1 decks)

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