Test 1

Question 1

Status offense

Answer 1

an action that is only prohibited for a specific group of people

Question 1

Disproportionate Minority Confinement
(DMC)

Answer 1

rates of contact with the juvenile justice system among juveniles of a specific minority group that are significantly different from rates of contact for white juveniles.

Question 2

positivism

Answer 2

empirically identify the causes of crime, emphasizing personal, social, or environmental factors

Question 3

Classical Criminology

Answer 3

Free will; Based on the idea that individuals act rationally, weighing the benefits and consequences of their actions

Question 4

Rational Choice Theory

Answer 4

crime is a result of calculated decisions, where individuals weigh the risks and rewards

Question 5

Social Contract

Answer 5

theory, model, or idea that describes an agreement between a government and its people, or between individuals forming a society

Question 6

Neoclassical Criminology

Answer 6

the decision to commit a crime is an individual choice based on the potential benefits and costs of that crime;

Question 7

Hedonistic Calculus

Answer 7

a method for evaluating the morality of an action by calculating the amount of pleasure and pain it produces

Question 8

Born Criminal

Answer 8

criminality is inherited and can be identified by physical characteristics

Question 9

Conditionability

Answer 9

the quality of being subject to one or more conditions or requirements being met.

Question 10

Somatotype Theory

Answer 10

biological theory of criminology that classifies people into body types and associates them with personality traits and criminal behavior

Question 11

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 11

Ego, ID, Superego

Question 12

Psychopathic Personality

Answer 12

cold, manipulative, antisocial, and narcissistic

Question 13

Social Disorganization Theory

Answer 13

social structures that impact a community level of desirability make it difficult for residents of the neighborhood to come together to create common goals,

Question 14

Anomie

Answer 14

theory that explains how social conditions can lead to crime and deviant behavior

Question 15

strain theory

Answer 15

proposal that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit crime

Question 16

Collective efficacy

Answer 16

a shared belief that a group of people can work together to achieve a desired outcome

Question 17

Cultural Transmission

Answer 17

the process of passing on cultural traits, values, and preferences from one generation to the next

Question 18

Labeling Theory

Answer 18

suggests that how people are labeled by society can influence their behavior and self-identity

Question 19

Neutralization Techniques

Answer 19

Denial of responsibility.
Denial of injury.
Denial of a victim.
Condemnation of the condemners.
Appeal to higher loyalties.

Question 20

Social Control Theory

Answer 20

explores why people commit crimes

Question 21

Self-Control Theory

Answer 21

theory that suggests that a lack of self-control is the main factor behind criminal behavior

Question 22

Differential Association Theory

Answer 22

theory that explains how people learn criminal behavior through social interaction