Test 1 Flashcards
What 5 criteria help evaluate association
1) association is strong
2) association is consistent
3) higher doses are associated with stronger responses
4) alleged cause precedes the affect
5) alleged cause is plausibel
What are the 5 criteria for causation
- Association: Empirical (observed) correlation between independent and dependent variables (must vary together)
- Time Order: Independent variable comes before dependent variable
- Nonspuriousness: Relationship between independent and dependent variable not due to third variable
- Mechanism: Process that creates a connection between variation in an independent variable and variation in dependent variable
- Context: Scientific explanation that includes a sequence of events that lead to particular outcome for a specific individual
What is correlation
Tells us 2 variables are related but does not tell us why
What is the most similar system
Find two cases that differ in that one has the effect and the other doesn’t
If there is only one factor on which they differ, that is the likely cause
Practical Examples: Economic Growth in Ghana and Togo
What is the most different system
Find very different cases in which the effect has occurred
Determine if there is only one thing that they have in common
If there is, that is the (likely) cause
Practical examples: Economic Growth in Ghana and China
7 requirements of statehood
Territory
People (nation or nations)
Monopoly on coercive force
Sovereignty - Control over a territory – internal and external
Government
Legitimacy, as perceived by the governed
(international recognition?, e.g. by the UN)
What is a nation
The social construction of a collective identity based on a common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular territory
Imagined because members have mental images of their affinity
Limited, as nations have “finite, if elastic boundaries, beyond which lie other nations“
What is a nation state
Nation(s) and State Overlap
Sovereignty
Land
Population
Government
What do states do
Defense
Administration
Law
Provide Services
Economic Direction
Provide Public Goods to Overcome
Collective Action Problems
That are common ways to compare states
- Democratic and Authoritarian States
- Consolidated and Transitional States
- Low, Middle, and High Income States
- Others obvi
How are politics and economy related
Politics and Economics are inextricably linked
Political Inputs and Economic Outcomes
Economic Inputs and Political Outcomes
What are the 2 types of theories
- Normative which deals with questions of values and moral beliefs
- Empirical or positive theory which is most used in book and deals with factors and variables hat cause things to happen
When does a state have high capacity
- Has established monopoly on use of force
- Properly functioning bureaucracy
-low levels of corruption- accomplished tasks like defense,infrastructures, and management of projects
- Rule of law maintained
- regularized rules
What are the two most important meanings of sovereignty?
- Control over some territory.
- Source of legitimate authority.
How do we measure economic performance?
- GDP
- GNI
- Per capital (gdp/population)
- PPP (purchasing power parity)
- Etc
What is liberalism
Adam smith publish The Wealth of Nations stating free market are basic for creating wealth
Created idea of invisible hand which states thru individual efforts of ppl only seeking their own well being society as a whole is better off
Laissez faire
Privatization
What is Marxism
Powerful states run economics
Working class vs ownership
Communism and socialism over capitalism
What is neoliberalism
Ideological tendencies that favors liberal democracy and market led development
Highly constructivist and advocates a strong state to bring abt market like reforms in every aspect of society
Decentralization
What is the world systems theory
Results of the “World System”
Rich states get richer, poor states get poorer
As do rich people and poor people within each country
What is dependency theory
Critics of modernization
Poor countries seem to be falling behind…not catching up (world systems theory)
Deteriorating Terms of Trade
Difficulty Industrializing
What is the dependent development theory
Countries may advance on an absolute level
They fall behind from a relative standpoint
…and remain dependent on the core countries
What are political regimes
Systems of rules and institutions governing a political community
Examples authoritarian democracy totalitarian monarchy
What is democracy
Minimalist Definition: Democracy is a regime in which government offices are filled by contested elections.”
“Democracy is a system in which incumbents lose elections and leave office when the rules dictate.”
All other regimes are not democratic.
Maximalist Definitions: Social or economic aspects
Accountability, responsibility, responsiveness or representation freedom, liberties or human rights
Participation and Civil Society
Civil-military relations
What is authoritarianism?
Rule by an elite group that uses repressive means to stay in power.
The state will generally ignore the actions of an individual unless it is perceived to be a direct challenge to the state.
Examples: Cuba, Russia
