Test 1 Flashcards
Modules 1-3
study of structure
anatomy
study of how body structures function
physiology
levels of structural organization
- chemical
- cellular
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- organism
condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment
homeostasis
disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing the controlled condition
stimulus
monitors controlled conditions and sends nerve impulses or chemical signals to control centre
receptors
receives input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to effectors
control centre
brings about a change or response that alters the controlled condition
effectors
controlled condition is negated or brought back to normal, most common type of control
negative feedback
controlled condition is made more abnormal until an outside event stops the cycle, not a common type of control
positive feedback
have more fat stores, not much fluids
females
have more muscle mass, therefore more fluids
males
2/3 of total body fluid
intracellular fluid
1/3 of total body fluid
extracellular fluid
80% of extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
20% of extracellular fluid
plasma
anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
3 forms of matter
solid, liquid, gas
amount of matter a substance contains
mass
force of gravity acting on a mass
weight
elements that make up 96% of our bodies
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element
atoms
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
number of protons and neutrons in an atom
mass number
when the number of neutrons in an atom varies, mostly stable
isotopes
unstable isotopes, emit radiation as their nucleus decays and often transform into a different element
radioisotopes
average mass of the element’s naturally occurring isotopes
atomic mass/weight
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
ion
atom that has lost an electron
cation
atom that has gained an electron
anion
2 or more atoms bonded together
molecule
2 or more different atoms bonded together
compound
formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
ionic bonds
atoms share pairs of valence electrons, are strong bonds and the greater the number of shared bonds, the stronger the bond
covalent bonds
bonds that have unequal sharing of electrons, example is water
polar covalent bonds
form between or within molecules due to partial charges created by polar covalent bonds involving H, weak bonds that break/reform easily
hydrogen bonds
type of chemical reaction that requires energy, anabolic (makes bonds)
A + B —> AB
synthesis
type of chemical reaction where energy is released, catabolic (breaks bonds)
AB —> A + B
decomposition
combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions, most common reaction in cells
AB + CD —> AD + BC
exchange
type of chemical reaction where products can revert to the original reactants, not common in nature and usually requires energy input
AB <—> A + B
reversible
liquid that contains dissolved substances, usually clear because the particles are small
solution
liquid is also known as the
solvent
substance is also known as the
solute
liquid that contains undissolved substances dispersed in it, usually not clear as the particles are large
suspension
compounds that usually lack carbon and are simple molecules
inorganic compounds
the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things
water
water is added to break bonds
hydrolysis reaction
water is removed to make bonds
dehydration synthesis reaction
dissociate into H+, proton donors
acid
dissociate into OH-, are proton acceptors
base
dissociate into cations and anions in water, neither of which is H+ and OH-
salt
neutral pH solution
7
acidic pH solution
6 and under
basic/alkaline pH solution
8 and over
pH of arterial blood
7.35-7.45
blood is slightly
alkaline/basic
compounds that always contain C and H, usually contain O and always have covalent bonds, larger molecules with complex functions
organic compounds
carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharides
main blood sugar
glucose, monosaccharide
main sugars found in fruits
fructose, monosaccharide
found in milk sugar
galactose, monosaccharide
sugar found in DNA
deoxyribose, monosaccharide
sugar found in RNA
ribose, monosaccharide
table sugar
glucose + fructose
sucrose, disaccharide
milk sugar
glucose + galactose
lactose, disaccharide
glucose + glucose
maltose, disaccharide
stored form of carbohydrates in animals
glycogen, polysaccharide
stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carbohydrates in food
starch, polysaccharide
part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans, but aid in movement of food through intestines
cellulose, polysaccharide
not soluble in water, soluble in non-polar solvents like alcohol or acetone
lipids
type of lipids used to synthesis triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP
fatty acids
type of lipid that provides protection, insulation and energy storage
composed of glycerol molecule and 3 FAs
triglycerides
major lipid component of cell membranes, contains phosphate group and 2 FAs
phospholipids
steroid that is a minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, steroid hormones
have 4 rings of carbon atoms
cholesterol
steroid needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
bile salts
steroid needed to help regulate calcium level in body; needed for bone growth and repair
vitamin D
steroid needed to help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt water balance
adrenocortical hormones
stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics
sex hormones
fatty acids with no double bonds
saturated
fatty acids with double bonds
unsaturated
fats that are solid at room temperature
animal origin
oils that are liquid at room temperature
plant origin
give structure to body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances and serve as enzymes
proteins
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
structure of amino acids
amino base
carboxyl group
side chain
H
joins together amino acids
peptide bonds
building blocks of other lipids
fatty acids
proteins that act as catalysts, not part of the product and not chemically changes in reaction
enzymes
increases the rate of chemical reactions
catalysts (enzymes)
building blocks of DNA and RNA
nucleotides
nucleotides are composed of
nitrogenous base
sugar
P-group
principal energy-storing molecule in the body, provides energy for cellular work
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
CHO
carbohydrates/lipids
CHON
proteins
CHONP
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
what is the percentage of proteins and lipids that makes up the plasma membrane
60% proteins 40% lipids
forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across the membrane
ion channel (integral)
transports specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape
carrier (integral)
recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way
receptor (integral)
catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell
enzyme (integral/peripheral)
anchors filaments inside and outside plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell
linker (integral/peripheral)
distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s
cell identity marker (glycoprotein)
serves to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity, has 4 carbon rings
cholesterol
part of the sugar coating of cells, serve as biological markers so cells can recognize each other
glycolipids/proteins
act as a barrier to the entry/exit of most water soluble substances
phospholipids
types of transport across the plasma membrane
passive
active
transport that has no input of ATP
passive
transport that has input of ATP
active
types of passive transport
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
types of active transport
active transport
vesicular transport
particles moving from high concentration to low concentration (down their concentration gradient)
diffusion
particles cross membranes down their concentration gradient without the help of membrane proteins
simple diffusion
transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or charged to move down their concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane down its concentration gradient
osmosis
small membranous sac formed by budding off an existing membrane, allowing large molecules to enter/exit cells, requires ATP
vesicular transport
cell eating, engulfs particles, takes in larger substances (bacteria)
phagocytosis
cell drinking, enfolds and encloses fluids and solutes, absorbing nutrients
pinocytosis
particles move out of cells in vesicles
exocytosis
enzyme that unwinds DNA double helix one section at a time
helicase
enzyme that pairs exposed nucleotides with a complementary base
DNA polymerase
complementary bases are found in the ___ strand
daughter
the ___ strand is used as the template for DNA replication
parental
making mRNA from a DNA template, occurs in the nucleus
transcription
occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the new protein
translation
enzyme that catalyzes the process of copying DNA onto a strand of mRNA
RNA polymerase
codon is found on
mRNA
anticodon is found on
tRNA
ribosome binding site that allows new incoming amino acids to enter and attach to protein
A site
ribosome binding site that holds on to the growing protein
P site
ribosome binding site that holds the empty, outgoing tRNA
E site
