Test 1 Flashcards
Modules 1-3
study of structure
anatomy
study of how body structures function
physiology
levels of structural organization
- chemical
- cellular
- tissues
- organs
- systems
- organism
condition of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal environment
homeostasis
disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing the controlled condition
stimulus
monitors controlled conditions and sends nerve impulses or chemical signals to control centre
receptors
receives input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to effectors
control centre
brings about a change or response that alters the controlled condition
effectors
controlled condition is negated or brought back to normal, most common type of control
negative feedback
controlled condition is made more abnormal until an outside event stops the cycle, not a common type of control
positive feedback
have more fat stores, not much fluids
females
have more muscle mass, therefore more fluids
males
2/3 of total body fluid
intracellular fluid
1/3 of total body fluid
extracellular fluid
80% of extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
20% of extracellular fluid
plasma
anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
3 forms of matter
solid, liquid, gas
amount of matter a substance contains
mass
force of gravity acting on a mass
weight
elements that make up 96% of our bodies
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element
atoms
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
number of protons and neutrons in an atom
mass number
when the number of neutrons in an atom varies, mostly stable
isotopes
unstable isotopes, emit radiation as their nucleus decays and often transform into a different element
radioisotopes
average mass of the element’s naturally occurring isotopes
atomic mass/weight
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
ion
atom that has lost an electron
cation
atom that has gained an electron
anion
2 or more atoms bonded together
molecule
2 or more different atoms bonded together
compound
formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
ionic bonds
atoms share pairs of valence electrons, are strong bonds and the greater the number of shared bonds, the stronger the bond
covalent bonds
bonds that have unequal sharing of electrons, example is water
polar covalent bonds
form between or within molecules due to partial charges created by polar covalent bonds involving H, weak bonds that break/reform easily
hydrogen bonds
type of chemical reaction that requires energy, anabolic (makes bonds)
A + B —> AB
synthesis
type of chemical reaction where energy is released, catabolic (breaks bonds)
AB —> A + B
decomposition
combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions, most common reaction in cells
AB + CD —> AD + BC
exchange
type of chemical reaction where products can revert to the original reactants, not common in nature and usually requires energy input
AB <—> A + B
reversible
liquid that contains dissolved substances, usually clear because the particles are small
solution
liquid is also known as the
solvent
substance is also known as the
solute
liquid that contains undissolved substances dispersed in it, usually not clear as the particles are large
suspension
compounds that usually lack carbon and are simple molecules
inorganic compounds
the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things
water
water is added to break bonds
hydrolysis reaction
water is removed to make bonds
dehydration synthesis reaction
dissociate into H+, proton donors
acid
dissociate into OH-, are proton acceptors
base
dissociate into cations and anions in water, neither of which is H+ and OH-
salt
neutral pH solution
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