Test 1 Flashcards
A natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property.
The process is not a ____ but becomes so due to human use of land
Hazard
A hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span within a defined area
Disaster
Criteria for a Disaster (4)
-Ten or more ppl killed
-100+ people are effected
-state of emergency is declared
-International assistance is required
a massive disaster that requires significant expenditures of time and money for recovery
Catastrophe
probability of event occurring multiplied by impact on people and property
Risk
________ ________ caused economically well developed countries to ______ _______ and possessions and cause economically less developed countries to lose _______,______, and ______.
-Natural Disasters
-Lose money
-Lives, medical, and shelter
T or F
Natural hazards are repetitive
T
T or F
History of an area does not give clues to potential hazards
F
Hazards and natural processes:
- Result of _______ ________
- Become hazardous when they ____________________
3._______ not within our _____ - best solution is ________
- natural processes
- interfere with human activity
- not within our control
- preparation
the advance determination of the date, time, and size of the event
Prediction
an announcement that states a particular event is likely to occur during a particular time interval, often with a statement of the degree of its probablity
Forecast
Hazardous Reduction
history of an area, hazard maps, detailed local mapping
Location
Hazardous Reduction
development of statistical methods to estimate the likelihood of an event occuring.
Probability of Occurrence
Hazardous Reduction
a physical, biological, or chemical phenomenon that occurs before a hazardous event
precursor events
the announcement of a possible hazardous event that could occur in the near future
Warning
damages to people, property, economics, etc…
Consequences
the amount of risk that an individual or society is willing to take
Acceptable risks
Direct or Indirect Effect?
a change that follows an event without any intervening factors
Direct
Direct or Indirect Effect?
a change that depends on intervening factors
Indirect
_________effects all of us. It is the unifying theory of geology.
Ties together many seemingly unrelated geologic phenomena and illustrating why earth is a dynamic planet of interacting subsystems and cycles
Plate Tectonics
Protoearth
-larger than ______
-___________ composition
-bombarded by _________
-heat from _________
-________ ________ heat
earth
homogenous
meteorites
contraction
radio active
Earths Interior and Layers
1 and 2
- crust, mantle, core
- lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
The _______ is:
-1200km+
-small, solid inner region
-a larger liquid outer portion
-high density mainly iron and nickel
Core
Tectonics
The large scale of ________ processes that _______ earths ______________ producing land forms such as oceans, basins, and continents
geological
deforms
lithosphere
Tectonic processes are driven by _______ within ______. These processes are apart of the _______ systems of earths system
forces
earth
tectonic
The theory of _____ _____ is a fundamental foundation for the ______________. (explains the surface features of earth)
Plate tectonic
geosciences
________ consisted of a ______ landmass called Laurasia and _________ landmass called Gondwana
Pangea
northern
southern
Wegeners Theory of Continental Drift
continents move around on earths surface and that they were once joined together as a single super continent
Evidence for Wgeners Theory
fit of continents
paleoclimate indicators
truncated geologic features
fossils
Extra Evidence to wagoners theory
Pangea 200 mill yrs ago
pathalassa - one large ocean
similarity in rocks sequences
-distribution of organisms
-GLOSSOPTERIS FERN AND MESOSAURUS
Objections to C. Drift
Hostile ______ and open ridicule
T_____ G________ attractions too small
The __________ was correct in principle, however, processed __________ defies the laws of physics
criticisms
Tidal Gravitational
hypothesis
mechanisms
C. Drift
It was the research obtained from ___________ and the exploration of the __________ which proved the evidence to ______ movements and ocean floor spreading
paleomagnitism
seafloor
plate
the remnant magnetism in ancient rocks and intensity of earths magnetic field at the time of the rocks formation
Paleomagnitism
Evidence of magnetic reversals and sea floor spreading
earths present _____ _______ is considered normal
Normal- with the __ and __ magnetic poles located aprox. at the __ and S _________ poles
Earths magnetic poles ______ periodically
N
S
N
Geographic
reverse
__________ most occur at subduction zones. ________ activity mirrors _______ _______ _________.
earthquakes
tectonic plate boundaries
What Type of Plate Boundary?
plates converge producing a subduction zone, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes
Convergent
What Type of Plate Boundary?
Plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges
Divergent
What Type of Plate Boundary?
plates more lateral passing each other between seafloor and spreading centres
Transform
Types of Convergent Boundaries:
Oceanic 1 and 2
- continental convergence
- Oceanic convergence
Types of Convergent Boundaries:
Continental
Continental convergence
__________ __________:the denser _______ plate _____ or sinks beneath the _____ continental plate. This process can lead to the formation of deep sea ______ and volcanic arcs on the continental side
subduction zones
oceanic
lighter
trenches
________ ________: sediment and material for the oceanic plate are ______ off and ______ on the _______ plate at the _______ boundary.
This can create complex geological _____ and contribute to mountain buildings.
Accretionary Wedges
Scraped
Accumulate
Oceanic
Formations
Involves the formation of mountain ranges due to the collision and compression of 2 continental plates
Orogenic processes
___________:The collision leads to the thickening of the continental crust, which can result in ______, _______ and the formation of complex geological structures. This can also trigger ______ activity when stress accumulates along its faults
crustal thickening and deformation
folding, faulting
seismic
Oceanic Transform Fault
Ocean floor only
Continental transform fault
cuts across continent
Transforms fault occur between mid ocean ridges and segments
san andreas fault
The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions
Paleogeography
______ _______ provided one of the first proofs for plate tectonics.
Fossil Evidence
The world’s plants and animals occupy biotic provinces controlled by mostly:
1:
2:
3:
Cliamate
Geographic Barries
Location controlled by plate movement
The consequences of earthquakes rely on:
(6)
magnitude
depth
distance from population centres
building codes and infrastructure
soil type
preparedness and response
Toll of EQ
____ are a result of rupture of rocks along a ______
earthquakes, fault
Toll of EQ
Energy is released in the form of _____ waves, mapped according to the _______ of the ________
Seismic
location
faults
Toll of EQ
The ____ is directly below the _______
focus
epicenter
Toll of EQ
depth of focus refers to the _______ distance from the earths ______ to the focus of the ________
vertical
surface
EQ
Earthquakes are measured by _______ and are compared based on _____ and ______
seismographs
magnitude
intensity
Fault Movements:
offset rocks in a vertical motion due to compressed/tensional stress
Dip Slip
Fault Movements:
identified by a downward movement of the hanging wall
Normal Fault
Fault Movements:
offsets blocks of crust in a horizontal direction due to shearing stress
Strike slip faults
Fault Movements:
identified by an upward movement of the hanging wall
reverse fault
Fault Movements: Blind Faults
-mountain building process
-do not reach the surface
-difficult ti evaluate eq risk
Fault Activity
Movement during the past 11,600 years
active
fault activity
movement during the past 2.6 million years
potentially active
fault activity
no moevement during the past 2.6 million years
inactive
fault activity
movement along fault is gradual, eq not felt
creeping, aseismic
a wave produced by sudden displacement of rocks along a fault; seismic waves move along the surface of earth
seismic waves
Types of body waves
Primary and Secondary
type of wave
longitudinal
fast seismic wave, traveling at 5-8km/s
can move through S,L,G
primary/compressional
type of wave
transverse waves that move through the ground up and down and or side to side
only travel through S
Secondary/shear
________ ________
travel along earths surface horizontally and vertically
slower than body waves
responsible for damage near epicentre
seismic waves
Love waves
horizontal shaking
Rayleigh waves
rolling waves, elliptical motion
at least __________ stations are needed to find the exact epicentre of an eq
3 seismographs
the distance to epicentre can be found by comparing travel timed of the eq using ______
seismographs
The place where all 3 circles intersect in the epicentre
triangulation
_______ influences the amount of shaking due to the ________
focal depth, attentuation
indicated boundaries between layers of different densities called discontinunities
seismic reflection
The earthquake cycle
The four stages
quisent
interseismic
foreshocks
major shock
quisent stage
long period of inactivity
inactive period where stress builds in the vault, accumulated elastic strain produces small earthquakes
interseismic stage
period of small eqs where stress begins to release, causing strain. hours or days before big eq, may not occur
foreshock
Effects of earthquake
shaking surface and rupture
primary
effects of earthquake
liquefaction, changes in land level, landslides, fire, tsunami, and disease
secondary
distance below the earths surface where an earthquake originates
depth of focus
the geologic location or the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
direction of epicenter
the substances of components used to make objects or structures. waves are fast in bedrock and slow in more unconsolidated materials. amplified unconsolidated materials
materials
earthquakes on the seafloor that can generate deadly waves, such as the ones that hit that Japanese coast in 2011
tsunami
3 types of earthquakes caused by humans
loading earths crust
liquid waste disposal
nuclear explosions
Forcasts and predictions
pattern and ________
deformation of ______ ______
______ _________ along faults
geo_______ and geo______ changes
frequency
ground surface
Seismic gaps
physical, chemical
Zoopathic Prediction
The belief that amimals can predict earthquakes
Evidence to zoopathic prediction
-signs of nervousness
-studys done in Japan and china
-psychological focusing effect
psychological focusing effect
tendency for individuals to concentrate on a specific event or threat, often leading to heightened awareness/anxiety about the issue
Earthquake warnings
_____ _____ ____help geologists in determining the _________ and potential ________ of future earthquakes bases on _______ of past earthquakes
seismic risk maps
likelihood
severity
intensity
Tsunamis are triggered by:
underwater landslides
asteroids
submarine volcanic explosions
volcano flank collapse
how fast do tsunamis move in deep ocean
700kkm/hr
Tsunamis near land
depth of ocean ______, slowing tsunami waves to __km/hr
more water piles up increasing _______ and _____
moves inland destroying everything
can be ____ of ___ high
run up
decrease
45
amplitude and frequency
tens of meters
furthest horizontal and vertical distance to the largest wave
run up
Primary effects of tsunamis
Shortens coastline
debris errors the land and damages infrastructure
diminish with distance from coast
death
Secondary effects of tsunamis
fires
contamination
disease
