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Natural Hazards and Disasters > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property.

The process is not a ____ but becomes so due to human use of land

A

Hazard

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2
Q

A hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span within a defined area

A

Disaster

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3
Q

Criteria for a Disaster (4)

A

-Ten or more ppl killed
-100+ people are effected
-state of emergency is declared
-International assistance is required

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4
Q

a massive disaster that requires significant expenditures of time and money for recovery

A

Catastrophe

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5
Q

probability of event occurring multiplied by impact on people and property

A

Risk

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6
Q

________ ________ caused economically well developed countries to ______ _______ and possessions and cause economically less developed countries to lose _______,______, and ______.

A

-Natural Disasters
-Lose money
-Lives, medical, and shelter

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7
Q

T or F
Natural hazards are repetitive

A

T

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8
Q

T or F
History of an area does not give clues to potential hazards

A

F

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9
Q

Hazards and natural processes:

  1. Result of _______ ________
  2. Become hazardous when they ____________________
    3._______ not within our _____
  3. best solution is ________
A
  1. natural processes
  2. interfere with human activity
  3. not within our control
  4. preparation
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10
Q

the advance determination of the date, time, and size of the event

A

Prediction

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11
Q

an announcement that states a particular event is likely to occur during a particular time interval, often with a statement of the degree of its probablity

A

Forecast

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12
Q

Hazardous Reduction

history of an area, hazard maps, detailed local mapping

A

Location

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13
Q

Hazardous Reduction

development of statistical methods to estimate the likelihood of an event occuring.

A

Probability of Occurrence

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14
Q

Hazardous Reduction

a physical, biological, or chemical phenomenon that occurs before a hazardous event

A

precursor events

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15
Q

the announcement of a possible hazardous event that could occur in the near future

A

Warning

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16
Q

damages to people, property, economics, etc…

A

Consequences

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17
Q

the amount of risk that an individual or society is willing to take

A

Acceptable risks

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18
Q

Direct or Indirect Effect?

a change that follows an event without any intervening factors

A

Direct

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19
Q

Direct or Indirect Effect?

a change that depends on intervening factors

A

Indirect

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20
Q

_________effects all of us. It is the unifying theory of geology.

Ties together many seemingly unrelated geologic phenomena and illustrating why earth is a dynamic planet of interacting subsystems and cycles

A

Plate Tectonics

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21
Q

Protoearth

-larger than ______
-___________ composition
-bombarded by _________
-heat from _________
-________ ________ heat

A

earth

homogenous

meteorites

contraction

radio active

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22
Q

Earths Interior and Layers
1 and 2

A
  1. crust, mantle, core
  2. lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core
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23
Q

The _______ is:
-1200km+
-small, solid inner region
-a larger liquid outer portion
-high density mainly iron and nickel

A

Core

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24
Q

Tectonics

The large scale of ________ processes that _______ earths ______________ producing land forms such as oceans, basins, and continents

A

geological

deforms
lithosphere

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25
Q

Tectonic processes are driven by _______ within ______. These processes are apart of the _______ systems of earths system

A

forces

earth

tectonic

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26
Q

The theory of _____ _____ is a fundamental foundation for the ______________. (explains the surface features of earth)

A

Plate tectonic

geosciences

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27
Q

________ consisted of a ______ landmass called Laurasia and _________ landmass called Gondwana

A

Pangea

northern

southern

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28
Q

Wegeners Theory of Continental Drift

A

continents move around on earths surface and that they were once joined together as a single super continent

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29
Q

Evidence for Wgeners Theory

A

fit of continents

paleoclimate indicators

truncated geologic features

fossils

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30
Q

Extra Evidence to wagoners theory

A

Pangea 200 mill yrs ago

pathalassa - one large ocean

similarity in rocks sequences

-distribution of organisms

-GLOSSOPTERIS FERN AND MESOSAURUS

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31
Q

Objections to C. Drift

Hostile ______ and open ridicule

T_____ G________ attractions too small

The __________ was correct in principle, however, processed __________ defies the laws of physics

A

criticisms

Tidal Gravitational

hypothesis

mechanisms

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32
Q

C. Drift

It was the research obtained from ___________ and the exploration of the __________ which proved the evidence to ______ movements and ocean floor spreading

A

paleomagnitism

seafloor

plate

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33
Q

the remnant magnetism in ancient rocks and intensity of earths magnetic field at the time of the rocks formation

A

Paleomagnitism

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34
Q

Evidence of magnetic reversals and sea floor spreading

earths present _____ _______ is considered normal

Normal- with the __ and __ magnetic poles located aprox. at the __ and S _________ poles

Earths magnetic poles ______ periodically

A

N

S

N

Geographic

reverse

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35
Q

__________ most occur at subduction zones. ________ activity mirrors _______ _______ _________.

A

earthquakes

tectonic plate boundaries

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36
Q

What Type of Plate Boundary?

plates converge producing a subduction zone, mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes

A

Convergent

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37
Q

What Type of Plate Boundary?

Plates diverge at mid-ocean ridges

A

Divergent

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38
Q

What Type of Plate Boundary?

plates more lateral passing each other between seafloor and spreading centres

A

Transform

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39
Q

Types of Convergent Boundaries:

Oceanic 1 and 2

A
  1. continental convergence
  2. Oceanic convergence
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40
Q

Types of Convergent Boundaries:

Continental

A

Continental convergence

41
Q

__________ __________:the denser _______ plate _____ or sinks beneath the _____ continental plate. This process can lead to the formation of deep sea ______ and volcanic arcs on the continental side

A

subduction zones

oceanic

lighter

trenches

42
Q

________ ________: sediment and material for the oceanic plate are ______ off and ______ on the _______ plate at the _______ boundary.

This can create complex geological _____ and contribute to mountain buildings.

A

Accretionary Wedges

Scraped

Accumulate

Oceanic

Formations

43
Q

Involves the formation of mountain ranges due to the collision and compression of 2 continental plates

A

Orogenic processes

44
Q

___________:The collision leads to the thickening of the continental crust, which can result in ______, _______ and the formation of complex geological structures. This can also trigger ______ activity when stress accumulates along its faults

A

crustal thickening and deformation

folding, faulting

seismic

45
Q

Oceanic Transform Fault

A

Ocean floor only

46
Q

Continental transform fault

A

cuts across continent

47
Q

Transforms fault occur between mid ocean ridges and segments

A

san andreas fault

48
Q

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions

A

Paleogeography

49
Q

______ _______ provided one of the first proofs for plate tectonics.

A

Fossil Evidence

50
Q

The world’s plants and animals occupy biotic provinces controlled by mostly:

1:
2:
3:

A

Cliamate
Geographic Barries
Location controlled by plate movement

51
Q

The consequences of earthquakes rely on:

(6)

A

magnitude

depth

distance from population centres

building codes and infrastructure

soil type

preparedness and response

52
Q

Toll of EQ

____ are a result of rupture of rocks along a ______

A

earthquakes, fault

53
Q

Toll of EQ

Energy is released in the form of _____ waves, mapped according to the _______ of the ________

A

Seismic

location

faults

54
Q

Toll of EQ

The ____ is directly below the _______

A

focus

epicenter

55
Q

Toll of EQ

depth of focus refers to the _______ distance from the earths ______ to the focus of the ________

A

vertical

surface

EQ

56
Q

Earthquakes are measured by _______ and are compared based on _____ and ______

A

seismographs

magnitude

intensity

57
Q

Fault Movements:

offset rocks in a vertical motion due to compressed/tensional stress

A

Dip Slip

58
Q

Fault Movements:

identified by a downward movement of the hanging wall

A

Normal Fault

59
Q

Fault Movements:

offsets blocks of crust in a horizontal direction due to shearing stress

A

Strike slip faults

60
Q

Fault Movements:

identified by an upward movement of the hanging wall

A

reverse fault

61
Q

Fault Movements: Blind Faults

A

-mountain building process
-do not reach the surface
-difficult ti evaluate eq risk

62
Q

Fault Activity

Movement during the past 11,600 years

A

active

63
Q

fault activity

movement during the past 2.6 million years

A

potentially active

64
Q

fault activity

no moevement during the past 2.6 million years

A

inactive

65
Q

fault activity

movement along fault is gradual, eq not felt

A

creeping, aseismic

66
Q

a wave produced by sudden displacement of rocks along a fault; seismic waves move along the surface of earth

A

seismic waves

67
Q

Types of body waves

A

Primary and Secondary

68
Q

type of wave

longitudinal
fast seismic wave, traveling at 5-8km/s
can move through S,L,G

A

primary/compressional

69
Q

type of wave

transverse waves that move through the ground up and down and or side to side

only travel through S

A

Secondary/shear

70
Q

________ ________

travel along earths surface horizontally and vertically

slower than body waves

responsible for damage near epicentre

A

seismic waves

71
Q

Love waves

A

horizontal shaking

72
Q

Rayleigh waves

A

rolling waves, elliptical motion

73
Q

at least __________ stations are needed to find the exact epicentre of an eq

A

3 seismographs

74
Q

the distance to epicentre can be found by comparing travel timed of the eq using ______

A

seismographs

75
Q

The place where all 3 circles intersect in the epicentre

A

triangulation

76
Q

_______ influences the amount of shaking due to the ________

A

focal depth, attentuation

77
Q

indicated boundaries between layers of different densities called discontinunities

A

seismic reflection

78
Q

The earthquake cycle

The four stages

A

quisent
interseismic
foreshocks
major shock

79
Q

quisent stage

A

long period of inactivity

80
Q

inactive period where stress builds in the vault, accumulated elastic strain produces small earthquakes

A

interseismic stage

81
Q

period of small eqs where stress begins to release, causing strain. hours or days before big eq, may not occur

A

foreshock

82
Q

Effects of earthquake

shaking surface and rupture

A

primary

83
Q

effects of earthquake

liquefaction, changes in land level, landslides, fire, tsunami, and disease

A

secondary

84
Q

distance below the earths surface where an earthquake originates

A

depth of focus

85
Q

the geologic location or the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

A

direction of epicenter

86
Q

the substances of components used to make objects or structures. waves are fast in bedrock and slow in more unconsolidated materials. amplified unconsolidated materials

A

materials

87
Q

earthquakes on the seafloor that can generate deadly waves, such as the ones that hit that Japanese coast in 2011

A

tsunami

88
Q

3 types of earthquakes caused by humans

A

loading earths crust
liquid waste disposal
nuclear explosions

89
Q

Forcasts and predictions

pattern and ________

deformation of ______ ______

______ _________ along faults

geo_______ and geo______ changes

A

frequency

ground surface

Seismic gaps

physical, chemical

90
Q

Zoopathic Prediction

A

The belief that amimals can predict earthquakes

91
Q

Evidence to zoopathic prediction

A

-signs of nervousness
-studys done in Japan and china
-psychological focusing effect

92
Q

psychological focusing effect

A

tendency for individuals to concentrate on a specific event or threat, often leading to heightened awareness/anxiety about the issue

93
Q

Earthquake warnings

_____ _____ ____help geologists in determining the _________ and potential ________ of future earthquakes bases on _______ of past earthquakes

A

seismic risk maps
likelihood
severity
intensity

94
Q

Tsunamis are triggered by:

A

underwater landslides
asteroids
submarine volcanic explosions
volcano flank collapse

95
Q

how fast do tsunamis move in deep ocean

A

700kkm/hr

96
Q

Tsunamis near land

depth of ocean ______, slowing tsunami waves to __km/hr

more water piles up increasing _______ and _____

moves inland destroying everything

can be ____ of ___ high

run up

A

decrease
45

amplitude and frequency

tens of meters

97
Q

furthest horizontal and vertical distance to the largest wave

A

run up

98
Q

Primary effects of tsunamis

A

Shortens coastline

debris errors the land and damages infrastructure

diminish with distance from coast

death

99
Q

Secondary effects of tsunamis

A

fires

contamination

disease

Natural Hazards and Disasters (2 decks)

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