Test 1

Question 1

What are the three levels of analysis in Organizational Behavior?

Answer 1

Individual, group, and organization

Question 2

Name the four components of an OB model

Answer 2

Independent variable (IV), Dependent variable (DV), Mediator, Moderator

Question 3

What is an independent variable in an OB model?

Answer 3

The factor that is manipulated or varied to observe its effect on the dependent variable

Question 4

What is a dependent variable in an OB model?

Answer 4

: The outcome or result that is measured and is influenced by the independent variable

Question 5

What is a mediator in an OB model?

Answer 5

A variable that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Question 6

What is a moderator in an OB model?

Answer 6

A variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Question 7

What are the five traits in the Big Five personality model?

Answer 7

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (OCEAN)

Question 8

What is locus of control?

Answer 8

The extent to which individuals believe they have control over events in their lives

Question 9

What are “free traits” in personality theory?

Answer 9

Behaviors that are contrary to one’s natural tendencies but are adopted to achieve personal goals or meet social expectations

Question 10

What does Situation Strength Theory propose?

Answer 10

The idea that the strength of a situation can influence the extent to which personality traits are expressed in behavior

Question 11

What is Trait Activation Theory?

Answer 11

A theory that explains when and how personality traits are expressed in work behaviors based on situational cues

Question 12

What is the difference between values and ethics?

Answer 12

Values are personal beliefs about what is important, while ethics are moral principles that guide behavior

Question 13

What is the difference between instrumental and terminal values?

Answer 13

Instrumental values are desirable modes of conduct, while terminal values are desirable end-states of existence

Question 14

Name three key elements in designing an ethical organization

Answer 14

Explicit norms, incentives, culture norms, culture code…

Question 15

What is perceptual defense?

Answer 15

The tendency to unconsciously screen out or ignore the information that is threatening or contradicts our beliefs

Question 16

What are stereotypes in the context of perception?

Answer 16

Generalizations about a group of people that oversimplify their characteristics

Question 17

What does Attribution Theory explain?

Answer 17

How people interpret the causes of behavior in themselves and others. (Causal explanation we give for an observed behavior)

Question 18

What is self-serving bias?

Answer 18

The tendency to attribute positive events to internal factors and negative events to external factors

Question 19

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 19

The tendency to underestimate environmental factors, and overestimate personal/internal causes.

Question 20

What is Emotional Intelligence (EQ)?

Answer 20

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one’s own emotions and the emotions of others

Question 21

What is emotional contagion?

Answer 21

The phenomenon where people “catch” or are influenced by the emotions of others

Question 22

What is emotional labor?

Answer 22

The process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job

Question 23

What’s the difference between surface level and deep level acting in emotional labor?

Answer 23

Surface level acting involves faking emotions, while deep level acting involves actually trying to feel the required emotions

Question 24

How do positive and negative moods generally affect work behavior?

Answer 24

Positive moods generally enhance performance and cooperation, while negative moods can decrease motivation and increase conflict

Question 25

What is role ambiguity?

Answer 25

Uncertainty about what is expected in a particular role or job

Question 26

What is role conflict?

Answer 26

Incompatible expectations or demands in one's role or between multiple roles

Question 27

What's the difference between role overload and role underutilization?

Answer 27

Role overload is having too many responsibilities, while role underutilization is not fully using one's skills or abilities

Question 28

What are the three basic needs in Self-determination theory?

Answer 28

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 29

What are the three key components of Expectancy theory?

Answer 29

Motivation=Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence -Expectancy: effort-->performance -Instrumentality: performance-->outcomes -Valence: Do I find the outcome desirable?

Question 30

What is the main principle of Equity theory?

Answer 30

People are motivated when they perceive that they are treated fairly in comparison to others State of equity: motivated Over reward inequity: less sensitive to the reward-->unmotivated Under reward inequity: anger/depress-->unmotivated

Question 31

What are the three needs in ERG theory?

Answer 31

Existence: physical needs, material safety needs. (water, clean air) Relatedness: social needs, social esteem needs. (friendship) Growth: internal self-esteem needs, self-actualization (challenge job)

Question 32

What are the three learned needs according to McClelland's theory?

Answer 32

Need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power

Question 33

What are two key principles of Goal theory?

Answer 33

Goals should be specific and challenging (but attainable) -difficult -specific -accept -commit

Question 34

What are two types of power under the learned needs theory>

Answer 34

1. personal power seeker: control others for sake of dominating them 2. social power seeker: satisfy needs for power by influencing others

Question 35

What's Motivator-Hygiene Theory?

Answer 35

Motivators (growth needs): our ability to feel a sense of achievement Hygienes: work environment, based in the human need to avoid dissatisfaction *Manager should first address the hygiene factors, then the motivator needs.

Question 36

What are the four main schedules of reinforcement? Which is the most effective one?

Answer 36

Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval Fixed ratio and variable ratio

Question 37

What's the difference between variable and fixed reinforcement?

Answer 37

Fixed reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or time period Variable reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses or time period

Question 38

What's the difference between ratio and interval reinforcement?

Answer 38

Ratio reinforcement is based on the number of responses Interval reinforcement is based on the passage of time

Question 39

Explain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 39

Intrinsic motivation comes from autonomy, mastery, and purpose Extrinsic motivation comes from compensation, punishment, and reward.

Question 40

Explain consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus in External Attribution and Internal Attribution

Answer 40

consistency: same manner/decision in other occasions? distinctiveness: is this rare and happen occasionally? consensus: did other behave in a same manner? -------------- External attribution: high consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus Internal attribution: high consistency, and low distinctiveness, and consensus

Question 41

Explain positive/negative reinforcement and positive/negative punishment

Answer 41

positive reinforcement: reward negative reinforcement: take away a punishment positive punishment: cut salary negative punishment: take away reward