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Psych Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Example sentence: Critical thinking is essential for making informed decisions.

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2
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists agree with 1 but not 2.

Additional information: Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning.

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3
Q

What is humanistic perspective?

A

A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.

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4
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.

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5
Q

What is the nature vs. nurture controversy?

A

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

From among chance variations, nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

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7
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

The study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using natural selection.

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8
Q

What are socio-cultural perspectives?

A

Shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes to the next and how these individuals act toward their social groups.

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9
Q

What are cultural norms?

A

Unspoken rules of society transmitted through conformity and socialization.

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10
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive.

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11
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints.

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12
Q

What is behavioral psychology?

A

Study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning.

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13
Q

What is biological psychology?

A

Study of links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

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14
Q

Dynamic psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

Example sentence: Dynamic psychology explores the underlying motivations behind individuals’ behaviors.

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15
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen how it

No additional information

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16
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

No additional information

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17
Q

Confirmation bias

A

People’s tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting, information that is consistent with their existing beliefs

No additional information

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18
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

No additional information

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19
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

No additional information

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20
Q

Operational definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study

No additional information

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21
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

No additional information

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22
Q

Description

A

The starting point of any science. We all observe and describe people

No additional information

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23
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

No additional information

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24
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

No additional information

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25
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attributes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by surveying a representative, random sample of the group

No additional information

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26
Q

Sampling bias

A

Hawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentive sample

Example sentence: The survey results were skewed due to sampling bias.

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27
Q

Population

A

all those in a group being stadied from which samples may be drawin

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28
Q

Sample (Random)

A

A sample that fairly represents a population ble each member has an exal chame of inclusion

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29
Q

Representative Sample

A

a sample from a larger group that aurally represents the charackistics of the Papulation

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30
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

a non-probability sampling methed here units are setuted for Inclusion in the sample bole they are easiest for the researcher to access

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31
Q

Peer Reviewers

A

evaluation of work by others working in the same field

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32
Q

Correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two tactors vary together, and thus of how well each facer predats the other

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33
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

a statistical Index of the relutionship between two things

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34
Q

Positive/Negative correlation

A

when two variables either are the same or inverse

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35
Q

Directionality

A

does variable A influence Varlable B?

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36
Q

Third variable

A

Variabies the researcher failed to control/eimate damaging the valdity of an experiment

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37
Q

Variable

A

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

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38
Q

Scatterplots

A

graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the valmes of two variables. Slope suggests the direction of the relationship between the the variables. The amount of scathe suggests the strength of the correlation

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39
Q

Illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stage ta at ate de

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40
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

the tendency tor extreme or unusual scores or events to regres (fill back) toward the average

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41
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors independent vonides to observe the effrect on some behavor or mental process (dependest variable). By rondom assignment of portipants, the experimenter aims to control other relevent factors

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42
Q

Experiment group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment (independent variable).

Example: The experiment group received the new medication.

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43
Q

Control group

A

Group not exposed to treatment, serves as comparison.

Example: The control group received a placebo.

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44
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

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45
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor that is manipulated and is being studied.

46
Q

Dependent variable

A

Factor that is measured due to independent variable.

47
Q

Placebo

A

Fake variable that doesn’t cause any real change.

48
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance condition believed to be an active agent.

49
Q

Single blind / Double blind procedure

A

Single - Patient believes placebo is real medicine. Double - Both patient and researcher don’t know who has placebo (eliminates bias).

50
Q

Confounding variables

A

A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence results.

51
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it’s supposed to do.

52
Q

Generalizability

A

The measure of how useful the results of a study are for a larger group of people or situations.

53
Q

Observer/experimenter bias

A

When a researcher’s expectations, opinions, or prejudices influence what they perceive in a study.

54
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Type of response bias that occurs when survey responses are provided based on society’s expectations rather than their own beliefs or expectations.

55
Q

Qualitative + Quantitative research

A

Qualitative - gathers experiences, perceptions, and behaviors. Quantitative - data/numbers-based, measures how many and how much.

56
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

Committee that reviews/approves biomedical and behavioral research studies conducted on humans.

57
Q

Likert Scales

A

rating scale that quantitatively assesses opinions, attitudes, or behaviors

Example sentence: Participants were asked to rate their agreement on a Likert scale from 1 to 5.

58
Q

Ethical standards

A

right to life, right to freedom, freedom from injury, and the right to privacy

59
Q

Debriefing

A

postexperimental explanation of a study, including purpose and any deceptions

60
Q

Confidentiality

A

keeping info about participants confidential

61
Q

Informed consent

A

giving participants enough info to let them choose if they want to participate

62
Q

Benevolence

A

No harm or bad intentions within a study - Be ethical

63
Q

Deception

A

when research gives false info to subjects or intentionally misleads them about a key aspect

64
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

numerical data used to measure/describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

65
Q

Histogram

A

Bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

66
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

Single score that represents a whole set of scores (mean, median, mode)

67
Q

Skewed distribution

A

representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

68
Q

Range

A

difference between highest and lowest scores

69
Q

Variation

A

how much values differ from one another

70
Q

Normal curve

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve - Most scores fall near mean and fewer near extremes

71
Q

Standard deviation

A

Computed measure of how much scores vary around mean score

72
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

73
Q

Likert Scales

A

rating scale that quantitatively assesses opinions, attitudes, or behaviors

Example sentence: Participants were asked to rate their agreement on a Likert scale from 1 to 5.

74
Q

Ethical standards

A

right to life, right to freedom, freedom from injury, and the right to privacy

75
Q

Debriefing

A

postexperimental explanation of a study, including purpose and any deceptions

76
Q

Confidentiality

A

keeping info about participants confidential

77
Q

Informed consent

A

giving participants enough info to let them choose if they want to participate

78
Q

Benevolence

A

No harm or bad intentions within a study - Be ethical

79
Q

Deception

A

when research gives false info to subjects or intentionally misleads them about a key aspect

80
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

numerical data used to measure/describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

81
Q

Histogram

A

Bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

82
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

Single score that represents a whole set of scores (mean, median, mode)

83
Q

Skewed distribution

A

representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

84
Q

Range

A

difference between highest and lowest scores

85
Q

Variation

A

how much values differ from one another

86
Q

Normal curve

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve - Most scores fall near mean and fewer near extremes

87
Q

Standard deviation

A

Computed measure of how much scores vary around mean score

88
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

numerical data that allow one to generalize - to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

89
Q

Statistical significance

A

Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

90
Q

Percentile rank

A

Percent of individuals above or below a particular value

91
Q

Effect size

A

Difference between the average outcomes in two different groups

92
Q

Effect size

A

Difference between the average outcomes in two different groups

93
Q

Biomodel distribution

A

Occurs when two different values appear most frequently in the data set

94
Q

Psychometric

A

Scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

95
Q

Basic research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

96
Q

Applied research

A

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

97
Q

Developmental psych

A

Studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout life span

98
Q

Educational psych

A

How psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

99
Q

Personality psych

A

Indidviduals’ characteristic patterns of thinking , feeling and acting

100
Q

Social psych

A

How we think about, influence, and relate to one another

101
Q

Industrial organizational

A

Application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

102
Q

Human factos psych

A

Allied with industrial organizational that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

103
Q

Human factors psych

A

Allied with industrial organizational that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

104
Q

Helping professions

A

Guides people toward healthy relationships, overcoming anxiety, and raising kids

105
Q

Counseling psychologist

A

Assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being

106
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

107
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

108
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Deals with psychological disorders - practiced by physicians who are licensed to practice medical treatments along with psychological therapy

109
Q

Community psychologist

A

Studies how [people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

110
Q

Social worker

A

Works to improve vulnerable people to overcome challenges

Psych Test 1 (1 decks)

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