Test 1

Question 1

Discrete unit of the genome (each one carries many genes)

Answer 1

Chromosome

Question 2

Carries information to produce proteins

Answer 2

Gene

Question 3

Position on a chromosome at which the gene for a particular trait resides; may be occupied by any one of the alleles for the gene

Answer 3

Locus

Question 4

One of several alternative forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome

Answer 4

Allele

Question 5

What experiment provided the first support that genetic material could be transferred between bacterial cells leading to what is now known as the transforming principle

Answer 5

Griffith’s experiment

Question 6

What experiment showed that DNA was the genetic material of viruses and that DNA may be the genetic information making up the transforming principle

Answer 6

Hershey-Chase experiment

Question 7

Process where DNA from one organism is incorporated into a different organism’s chromosome

Answer 7

Transgenesis

Question 8

Acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of naked DNA in eukaryotic (usually animal) cells

Answer 8

Transfection

Question 9

DNA incorporated into organisms that is not put into the chromosome, so the trait is temporary

Answer 9

Transient

Question 10

A nucleoside linked to a phosphate group on one carbon of the deoxyribose is known as a:

Answer 10

nucleotide

Question 11

Which position on the sugar is different from deoxyribose to ribose

Answer 11

2’ position

Question 12

What property does the 2’ position of the sugar have for deoxyribose?

Answer 12

No O makes deoxyribose less susceptible to hydrolysis, making it more stable

Question 13

Nitrogenous bases linked to a sugar-phosphate backbone are known as:

Answer 13

polynucleotide chains

Question 14

What bond chains the backbone of DNA

Answer 14

phosphodiester bond

Question 15

The 5’ end of a DNA chain is the _____ and the 3’ end is the _____

Answer 15

a) phosphate
b) OH- group

Question 16

How many base pairs are in each turn of DNA

Answer 16

~10 base pairs

Question 17

What is a common protein shape and is associated with catalytic activity

Answer 17

TIM Barrel (a/b barrel)

Question 18

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 18

the AA sequence of that protein

Question 19

What is the process of heating DNA that causes the two strands of DNA to separate?

Answer 19

Denaturation

Question 20

The midpoint of the temperature range for denaturation (temperature where 50% of DNA is denatured)

Answer 20

Melting Temperature (Tm)

Question 21

What is the process of letting the DNA anneal after cooling down?

Answer 21

Renaturation

Question 22

Denaturation and renaturation, where pairs such as DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, and RNA-RNA can exist

Answer 22

Hybridization

Question 23

True or False: Hybridization can only intermolecular, not intramolecular

Answer 23

False. It can be inter- or intra-

Question 24

What is intramolecular pairing

Answer 24

a strand of RNA matching with itself

Question 25

What is intermolecular pairing

Answer 25

a pairing between short and long RNAs

Question 26

Enzymes that degrade nucleic acids

Answer 26

nucleases

Question 27

What nucleases are internal and degrade by cutting phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 27

Endonucleases

Question 28

What nucleases are external and start from the end of linear DNA molecules

Answer 28

Exonucleases

Question 29

What is reverse transcription?

Answer 29

RNA being converted into DNA

Question 30

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA using a DNA template

Answer 30

RNA polymerase

Question 31

Molecular complex composed of subunits

Answer 31

Multimer

Question 32

Do all genes encode for polypeptides

Answer 32

No, some encode for structural or regulatory RNAs

Question 33

Are most mutations affecting gene function dominant or recessive?

Answer 33

Recessive, typically other copy of gene is used

Question 34

Mutation involving change of a single base pair

Answer 34

Point mutation

Question 35

Point mutation where a purine is replaced with another purine or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (G-C –> A-T)

Answer 35

Transition

Question 36

Point mutation where a purine replaces a pyrimidine or vice versa (A-T –> T-T)

Answer 36

Transversion

Question 37

What type of mutations alter function of a gene

Answer 37

Forward mutations

Question 38

What type of mutations reverse their effects?

Answer 38

Back mutations

Question 39

Mutations that restore the original sequence of the DNA?

Answer 39

True reversion

Question 40

True or False: deletion mutations be reverse

Answer 40

False: Deletion mutations cannot be reversed

Question 41

Second mutation suppressing the effect of a first mutation within the same gene

Answer 41

Second-site reversions

Question 42

Mutations in a second gene bypassing the effect of a mutation in the first gene

Answer 42

Suppression

Question 43

Deamination

Answer 43

Common cause of mutation hotspots

Question 44

Recessive mutations

Answer 44

due to loss of function, usually a bad thing

Question 45

Dominant mutations

Answer 45

due to gain of function, usually a good thing

Question 46

Null mutations

Answer 46

no protein produced, required to test whether a gene is essential or not

Question 47

Silent mutations

Answer 47

no phenotypic effect (might alter structure or affect DNA but nothing physical us represented outwardly)

Question 48

What is an example of a polymorphic gene

Answer 48

Blood Type, 3 alleles that can mix to create several different blood types

Question 49

What is genetic recombination a result of?

Answer 49

Crossing over (occurs at chiasma during meiosis)