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bio101 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid found in the spaces between cells.

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2
Q

Define selective permeability.

A

The ability of the plasma membrane to allow certain molecules to pass while restricting others.

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3
Q

Q: What are the passive transport mechanisms?

A

A: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

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4
Q

What are the active transport mechanisms?

A

: Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis.

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5
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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6
Q

: What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

A

A: Isotonic has equal solute concentrations, hypotonic has lower solute concentrations, and hypertonic has higher solute concentrations.

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7
Q

Q: What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

A: Pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, establishing an electrical gradient.

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8
Q

Define facilitated diffusion.

A

A: Movement of molecules across the membrane via carrier proteins or ion channels.

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9
Q

Q: What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

A: The cell swells as water moves in.

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10
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer, often involved in transport

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11
Q

: What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

: Acts as a barrier and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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12
Q

What are microvilli and cilia?

A

A: Microvilli increase surface area for absorption, cilia move substances across the cell surface.

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13
Q

Q: Describe the function of mitochondria.

A

A: Powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.

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14
Q

Q: What are lysosomes responsible for?

A

Breaking down waste and cellular debris.

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15
Q

: What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

Synthesizes lipids, including steroids, and detoxifies substances.

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16
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sites of protein synthesis.

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17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

A: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

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18
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion.

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19
Q

Define proteasomes.

A

A: Structures that degrade unneeded or damaged proteins.

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20
Q

What are the primary functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

: Cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport.

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21
Q

Q: What is an atom?

A

A: The smallest unit of matter retaining the properties of an element.

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22
Q

Q: What are the three subatomic particles?

A

A: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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23
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

A: The number of protons in an atom.

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24
Q

Q: What is an ion?

A

A: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

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25
Q

Define isotopes.

A

A: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

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26
Q

: What is the pH scale?

A

A: A scale measuring the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

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27
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

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28
Q

What are the major elements in the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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29
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A: A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom with a partial negative charge.

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30
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of two or more different types of atoms bonded together.

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31
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate.

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32
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy (ATP)

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33
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process of taking materials into the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

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34
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of releasing materials from the cell via vesicles.

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35
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis where the cell engulfs liquid.

36
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles.

37
Q

What is the main function of peroxisomes?

A

A: Breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.

38
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids?

A

A: Store and transmit genetic information

39
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA.

40
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond formed between oppositely charged ions

40
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A: Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the help of a carrier protein.

41
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

42
Q

Define molecule.

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

42
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges.

43
Q

: What is a base?

A

A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution, raising the pH.

44
Q

: What is a compound?

A

A substance composed of two or more different elements.

45
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, lowering the pH.

46
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

Provide energy and structural support.

47
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the cell’s genetic material and controls cellular activities.

48
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

49
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Structural support, transport, enzymes, movement, and defense.

50
Q

What is the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Synthesizes proteins and modifies them for secretion or use within the cell.

51
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.

51
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Contain enzymes for digesting cellular waste and foreign material.

52
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Organelles involved in cell division.

53
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of ribosome production within the nucleus.

54
Q

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for tran

55
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm where cellular activities occur.

56
Q

What is the role of microtubules?

A

Provide structure and facilitate movement within the cell.

57
Q

What is the primary function of the cytoplasm?

A

To support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules.

58
Q

What is the lipid bilayer composed of?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol.

59
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

A carbohydrate-rich area on the cell’s surface important for cell recognition.

60
Q

What is the amphipathic nature of phospholipids?

A

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

61
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Proteins that help move substances across the membrane.

62
Q

What is ATP’s role in cellular processes?

A

It provides energy for various cellular activities.

63
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

It helps maintain membrane fluidity and stability.

64
Q

What is the role of actin in microfilaments?

A

A: It helps with cell movement and stability.

65
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

The voltage difference across the cell membrane.

66
Q

What is the function of ion channels?

A

They allow specific ions to pass through the membrane.

67
Q

What are vesicles used for?

A

: Transporting materials within the cell.

67
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides bonded together, such as sucrose.

68
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides, such as glycogen and cellulose.

68
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars, such as glucose, that are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

69
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Building blocks of lipids.

69
Q

What are steroids?

A

Lipids that include hormones like estrogen and testosterone.

70
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A lipid composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

71
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acids.

72
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Transporting oxygen in the blood.

73
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The building blocks of nucleic acids.

73
Q

What is the primary role of DNA?

A

Storing genetic information.

74
Q
A
75
Q
A
76
Q
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77
Q
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77
Q
A

bio101 (1 decks)

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