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Audit > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of Auditing

A

Complexity ( a lot of mistakes can happen)
Remoteness ( Oversees the Owners)
Consequences

Financial Statements are presented fairly, with the framework ( GAAP)

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2
Q

Levels of Auditing ( Strong to Weak)

A
  • Audit ( an opinion on the F/S are presented fairly )
  • Attestation ( mini audit, written conclusion on a subject matter, primarily financial information)
  • Assurance ( independent professional services that improve quality )
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3
Q

Types of Audit Opinions ( Strong to Weak)

A

Unmodified ( AICPA ), Unqualified ( PCAOB)
Qualified ( OK, except for )
Adverse ( Not Okay)
Disclaimer ( No comment)

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4
Q

Sarbanes Oxley Act

A

Requirement of CEO/CFO certification of financial statements
Requirement of auditor examination of company internal controls
Creation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
Prohibition of Certain Client Services by firms conducting a client’s audit

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5
Q

Audit Practice Standards

A

Public Entities ( Issuers)
- Rule Making Body (PCAOB)
- Standards ( AS, modified by Dockets)

Private Entities ( Non-Issuers)
- Rule Making Body ( AICPA)
- Standards ( AU )

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6
Q

Quality Control Standards for Accounting Firms

A

Leadership Responsibilities for Quality on Audit
- Rest With The Top ,

Relevant Ethical Requirements
- Code of Conducts

Acceptance and Continuance of Clients
-Client Integrity , Trash - In - Trash - Out

Human Resources
- Hiring training evaluations

Engagement Performance
- Supervision of Staff & Review of Workpapers

Monitoring
- Firm Must Monitor the items listed above

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7
Q

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ( PCAOB)

A

Monitors Firms through Inspections
- Firm Auditing > 100 Public Entities ( every year)
- Firm Auditing < 100 Public Entities ( every 3 years)

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8
Q

Materiality

A

The magnitude of an Omission or misstatement of account information relies on Professional Judgement

-Quantitative Factors
- Qualitative Factors

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9
Q

Materiality Types

A

Materiality for Financial Statements as Whole
Performance Materiality ( AICPA)
Tolerable Misstatement
Materiality to certain transactions

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10
Q

Materiality for Financial Statements

A

Often to be used a % of revenues

  • Used in Planning as well as evaluating the results of the audit
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11
Q

Performance Materiality

A

AICPA
- One or more accounts , set to reduce the probability that the aggregate of uncorrected and undetected misstatements in the financial statements exceeds materiality for the financial statements as a whole

  • Tells us “ What” to do and “ Why”
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12
Q

Tolerable Misstatements

A

Is the application of performance materiality to a particular sampling procedure

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13
Q

Qualitative Factors of Materality

A

Discovery of Fraud, Loan covenant violation, Concealment of a change in an earnings trend

  • CEO using company card for daughter airfare.
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14
Q

Audit Risk Model

A

AR = IR x CR x DR

  • Inherent Risk x Control Risk x Detection Risk
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15
Q

Audit Risk

A

Risk that the audit may fail to modify the opinion on financial statements that are materially misstated

  • Given but determines
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16
Q

Inherent Risk

A

In the absence of internal controls, the susceptibility of an account to misstatement

Measurable

  • dollar size
  • Volume of Transactions
    -Compexity
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17
Q

Control Risk

A

The likelihood that a material misstatement would not be caught by the client’s internal controls

Factors affecting control risk include - existence ( or lack thereof)

High Internal Controls - Mean low risk

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18
Q

Detection Risk

A

Risk that a material misstatement would not be caught by audit procedures

Factors that auditors can use to affect detection risk include: NET

Plug Number in the Function

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19
Q

Nature

A

Type of Mix , Individuals Performing

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20
Q

Extent of Procedures

A

Sample Size, Number of Procedures

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21
Q

Timing

A

Performed Near Year-End or performed before year-end

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22
Q

Lowering Detection Risk

A

Nature - More Effective Test

Extent - More Test/ Samples

Timing - At Year End

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23
Q

Risk of Material Misstatement

A

A combination of Inherent Risk and Control Risk ( ROMM possibly)

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24
Q

Definition of Auditing

A

Systematic Process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions

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25
Q

PCAOB Management Assertions & Obligations

A

Existence or Occurrence

Rights & Obligations

Completeness

Valuation & Allocation

Presentation & Disclosure

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26
Q

Existence or Occurrence

A

Assets or Liabilities of an entity exist at a given date or the recorded transactions

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27
Q

Rights & Obligations

A

Assets are the rights of the entity, and liabilities are Obligations

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28
Q

Completeness

A

All transactions and accounts that should be presented in the financial statements are included

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29
Q

Valuation & Allocation

A

Transactions are recorded at the correct amount

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30
Q

Presentation & Disclosure

A

The components of the financial statements are properly classified, described, and disclosed

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31
Q

AICPA Management Assertions - Balance Assertions

A

Existence

Rights & Obligations

Completeness

Accuracy, Valuation & Allocation

Classifications

Presentations

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32
Q

Accuracy, Valuation & Allocation

A

Items are recorded at appropriate amounts, and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments are appropriately recorded

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33
Q

Classifications

A

Assets, Liabilities, and equity have been recorded in proper accounts

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34
Q

Transaction Assertions

A

Income Statement

Occurrence

Completeness

Cutoff

Accuracy

Classifications

Presentations

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35
Q

Cut Off

A

Transaction have been recorded in the correct accounting period

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36
Q

Audit Procedures

A

Inspection

Observation

Inquiry

External Confirmation

Recalculation

Reperformance

Analytical Procedures

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37
Q

Inspection

A

Vouch
- From F/S to source documents

Trace
- From source documents to F/S

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38
Q

Observation

A

Looking at the process or procedure

39
Q

Inquiry

A

Seeking Information from knowledgeable persons in financial roles

40
Q

3 types of Procedures

A

Risk Assessment Procedures ( addresses IR)
Tests of Controls ( Addresses CR)
Substantive Procedures ( Address DR)

41
Q

Evidence Appropriate

A

Reliability

Relevance ( assertion objective )

42
Q

Evidence : Sufficent

A

Persuasive vs Convincing ( Persusaivve better)

Better Quality of Evidence less you need

As you lower $, you need more evidence ( proving 1 dollar vs 1000)

43
Q

Client Acceptance

A

-Pre-engagement Planning / Client Acceptance

  • Communication with Predecessor

-Engagement Letter

44
Q

Engagement Letter

A

Agreed Upon Terms of the Audit

  • Objective and Scope of the Audit ( GAAS)

-Responsibility of the Auditor ( Opinion)

  • Responsibility of Mgt. ( internal controls )
  • Inherent Limitations of an audit, internal controls, and risk material misstatements

-Applicable financial reporting framework ( GAAP)

-Expected form and content of any reports and circumstances may cause a different report

  • Expectation management will provide representations
45
Q

Risk Assessment - Overview

A
  • Measures IR & CR
  • Consider info from client acceptance
    -Understand the company and its environment
    -Perform planning analytical procedures
    -Understand Internal Controls
  • Fraud Risk Assessment
    -Identify Risk of Material Misstatement
    -Identify Significant Accounts & Relevant Assertions
    -Identify “ Significant Risk”
46
Q

Analytical Procedures

A

” Smoke Detectors “

Study of Plausible Relationships among financial and non financial data and make expectations to gauge against.

47
Q

Internal Control (COSO)

A

A process, effected by an etity’s board of directors, maanggement, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories

48
Q

COSO

A

Control Environment
Risk Assessment
Information & Communication
Monitoring
Control Activities

49
Q

Control Environment

A
  • Demonstrates commitment to integrity and ethical values
  • Exercises oversight responsibility ( and independence from management)
  • Establishes structure, authority and responsibility
    -Demonstrates commitment to competence
    -Enforces Accountability
50
Q

Risk Assessment ( COSO)

A

Specifies Suitable Objectives
-Identifies and Analyzes Risk
-Assesses Fraud Risk
-Identifies and Analyzes significant change

51
Q

Information & Communication

A
  • Communications Internally
  • Communicates Externally
  • Uses Relevant Information
52
Q

Control Activities

A

-Selects and develops control activities
-Selects and develops general controls over technology
-Deploys through policies and procedures

53
Q

Selects and Develops Control activities

A

-Physical Control over Assets
- Segregation of Duties
-Information Processing
-Performance Reviews
-Preventive v Detective Controls`

54
Q

Segregation of Duties

A
  • Custodial
    -Recording
    -Authorization
55
Q

Monitoring

A
  • Conducts ongoing and/ or separate evaluations
  • Evaluate and Communicates deficiencies
56
Q

Entity Level Controls

A

High Level Controls

Related to Management like overrides and period end financial statements

57
Q

Walkthrough

A

Following a transaction from origination to financial records/statements

  • Use the same documents that the company uses.
  • Combination of inquiry, observation, inspection, and re-performance of controls ( need all )
58
Q

WCGW

A

What could go wrong

  • found during the walkthrough
59
Q

Practices for Walkthrough

A

Need screen shots, documents, thorough interviewing

  • Keep the perspective of the client. Understand the process.

Distinguish between process ( how you record a transaction) / control ( make sure it is accurate)

60
Q

Fraud Overview

A

Fraudulent Financial Reporting ( External Audit)

Misappropriation of Assets ( internal Audit )

61
Q

Financial Statements ( things to look for )

A

Errors
Management Fraud
Act of Noncompliance

62
Q

Errors

A

Are unintentional misstatements or omissions

63
Q

Management Fraud

A

Intentional misstatements or omissions

64
Q

Act of Noncompliance

A

Violations of laws or government regulations by the company or its management or employees that produce direct and material effects on dollar amounts ( violation of FDA)

65
Q

Brainstorming Session

A

” What could go wrong in relation to fraud?”

  • Emphasize professional skepticism
    -Identify fraud risk factors ( presume improper revenue recognition )
  • Consider pressure, opportunity, rationale
  • Consider risks of mgt. overrides
66
Q

Fraud Triangle

A

Rationale

Pressure

Opportunity

67
Q

Opportunity

A

Most Important aspect

  • can be protected against by proper controls
68
Q

Additional Procedures to Identify Fraud Risk Factors

A

Inquiry
- Management
-Those charged with governance
-Internal Audit
-In-house legal counsel

Planning Analytical Procedures

69
Q

Different Types of Risk

A

Risk of Misstatement

Risk of Material Misstatement

Significant Risk

70
Q

Risk of Misstatement

A

Simple mistakes

  • failure to adjust prepaid insurance
71
Q

Risk of Material Misstatement

A

Consider likelihood & magnitude.

At the financial level and assertion level

  • receive goods just before year-end and fail to record payable
72
Q

Significant Risk

A

Intentionally record sales in 20X1 that truly occurred in 20X2

73
Q

Identify Significant Accounts

A

” If fraud could happen there m it has risk “

There is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement could be associated with it

Volume , Dollar Size, Complexity, etc

74
Q

Significant Risk

A

Risk that require special audit consideration because of the nature of the risk

Based on inherent risk without regard to controls

75
Q

Test Controls

A

Design Effectiveness

Operating Effectiveness

76
Q

Design Effectiveness

A
  • Is it Set Up Right *

Determines whether the controls over financial reporting, if operating effectively

77
Q

Operating Effectiveness

A

If the control is operating as designed and if the person operating it has the proper authority and qualifications

78
Q

Different Deficiencies

A

Internal Control Deficiencies ( least severe)

Significant Deficiencies

Material Weakness ( Worst One)

79
Q

Control Deficiencies

A

When the design or operation of a control does not allow the entity’s management or employees to detect or prevent misstatements in a timely fashion

80
Q

Significant Deficiencies

A

Defined as conditions or combinations of conditions, that could adversely affect the organization’s ability to initiate record, process, and report financial data in F/S

  • Not material but important to bring up to governance
    ( absence of appropriate separation of duties for example)
81
Q

Material Weakness

A

A deficiency or combination of deficiencies that results in a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

82
Q

Examples of Significant Decencies

A
  • Absence of appropriate separation of duties
    -Absence of appropriate reviews and approvals of transactions
    -Evidence of failure of control procedures
83
Q

Examples of Material Weakness

A

-Restatement of previously issued financial statements to reflect the correction of a misstatement
-Evidence of material misstatements ( caught by the audit team) that were not prevented or detected by client’s internal controls
- Ineffective Oversights of Financial reporting process by entity’s audit committee
Indication of fraud ( either material or immaterial ) by senior management

84
Q

Opinions on Internal Controls

A

Unqualified ( no material weaknesses found)

Disclaimer of Opinion ( cannot perform all of the procedures considered necessary )

Adverse Opinion ( one or more material weaknesses)

85
Q

Reporting On Internal Controls

A
  • Management Responsible
  • Management’s Responsibility for internal control
    -Identification of the framework ( usually COSO)
  • Management assessment of the effectiveness of internal control
  • Auditors must provide opinion on the effectiveness of client’s internal control ( not a separate engagement )
86
Q

Test of Controls

A
  • Test of Design and Operating Effectiveness
  • Assess Control Risk ( CR)
  • Auditor Examines Payroll Summary Authorization for client manager’s signature or approval form
87
Q

Substantive Testing

A
  • Set Detection Risk ( DR)

-Supports the Balance or can propose AJE ( adjusted through NET)

88
Q

Testing Controls ( Non Issuer v Issuer )

A
  • Non Issuer can use Substantive Method ( just going straight to testing)
  • Issuer has to use Internal Control Method ( relies on the internal controls of the clients and collect the rest through substantive testing ) m
89
Q

Requirements for Issuers

A
  • Opinion on Internal Controls ( Non- Issuers not required)
  • Document Understanding of Internal Controls ( COSO)
  • Top Down Approach (Non-Issuers not required by often given)
  • Entity Level Controls (Non-Issuers not required by often given)
  • Significant Accounts ( Non- Issuers not required by often given)
  • Significant Risk
  • Walkthroughs ( Issuers not required but often given)
  • Test of Design

-Test Of Operating Effectiveness (Non-Issuers Not required but could be efficient)

  • Identifying Significant Deficiencies & Material Weaknesses ( Non Issuers, Not required to find, but required to communicate)
90
Q

Limitations of Internal Controls

A
  • Human Error
  • Collusion ( blocks segregation of duties )
  • Management override
  • Cost/ Benefit Analysis ( is it worth it to invest heavily to them)
91
Q

Reliable Evidence

A
  • Obtained from independent sources
  • generated internally under effective internal controls
  • obtained directly from auditor
  • Is in documentary form
  • Consists of Orginal Documents
92
Q

Definition of an Audit

A

Auditing is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between the assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users

93
Q
A

Audit (2 decks)

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