test 1 Flashcards
what is development:
how & why we change as we get older
psychodynamic definition (freud)
full of internal drama and intensity
theorist freud (psychoanalysis)
development happens by resolving conflicts
psychodynamic & development
we develop through psychosexual stages
pyschosocial theory (erikson)
development happens by overcoming challenges in life
behaviourism
observable behaviours show us what individuals know
all development happens by learning behaviours
classical conditioning
development happens because of associations we make
operent conditioning
development happens because of behaviours we choose to do
reinforcement: rewards used to encourage certain behaviours
punishment: used to discourage a behaviour
cognitive theory
how we think about our world
how we learn from our world
sociocultural
learn to behave in society by others
importance of culture
development occurs between interaction between a person and society
holism
examining how a whole person develops
elders as mentors
special cell:
gamete
gamete:
cells for reproduction (creating humans)
each egg & sperm:
contains 23 chromosomes
23 chromosomes → genetic material
genetic material: DNA molecules
DNA → instructions to make proteins
genes → organize DNA instructions (up to 50,000 genes)
egg + sperm = zygote
23 chr + 23 chr = 46 chr
zygote=
potential human
conception takes…
14 days
goal (zygote)
zygote implants on uterine wall
cell differentiation
< 1mm long ~ 100 cells
the embryo
week 3-8
goal (embryo)
formation of major body parts
cephalocaudal
top down
proximodistal
inside out
placenta
passes nutrients to embryo umbilical cord
joins embryo to placenta
brings nutrients
removes waste
fetus
week 9-birth
systems function/work together
19.21 inches/7.5 pounds
teratogens
substances/situations that increase risk of abnormalities
teratogens general
malnutrition
impact development size and vulnerability at birth
long term stress
-miscarriage, early labour, mom stress hormones, decrease of oxygen to fetus
-mom low immune system, mom engaging in risky behaviour
teratogens general
disease
pass through placenta
during birthing in birth canal
drugs
prescription/non prescription
legal/non legal
should contact health professional
stage 1 (labour & delivery)
cervix opens
goal: cervix dilates to 8-10 cms
dilation = contractions
longest stage ( > 12 hours)
stage 2 (labour & delivery)
pushing happens
postpartum depression
half of all new moms
10-15% → severe postpartum depression
research: affects warmth & enthusiasm of mothering
body growth
muscles: longer & thicker
year 1: layer of fat added
sleep
newborns sleep 15-17 hours in sleep state
brain development → REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep
brain growth
brain becoming complex
brain becomes specialized
brain communication: neurons
brain cells
billions in brain
carry messages throughout the cns (central nervous systems → brain & spinal cord)
neuron communication: synapse
neuron must cross a bridge to be active
if neurons send a message: releases chemicals (neurotransmitters)
brain becoming specialized: hemispheres
specialized
left vs right
work together
stage 2 (labour & delivery)
pushing happens
newborn is pushed down the birth canal
shorter stage ( > 2 hours)
stage 3 (labour & delivery)
contractions resume
placenta is “birthed”
examine placenta
somatosensory cortex
deals with touch
well developed in young
top of the head
experience and the brain
experiences for babies stimulate the brain
impacts brain structure
a good thing
vision
least mature at birth
preferences
complex patterns
human faces
hearing
overall strong prenatal & postnatal
evidence postnatal
1) become startled
2) use sound to locate objects
smell
well developed
distinguish odors
prefer mothers’ scent
taste
well developed
sugar → calming
salty → tolerate
sour → sensitive
touch
super important
provides comfort
pain reactions
motor development
before controlled movements…
babies are born with reflexes
automatic responses
survival advantage
social advantage
skin to skin contact (kangaroo care)
babies do better after they’re discharged
-improves oxygen saturation levels
-improves brain growth & development
feeding
sucking → mouth is prepared for bottle or breastfeeding
rooting → rub babies cheek, turn in direction and open mouth (expecting food)
gross motor development
large muscles
large body movements
crawling, scooting, standing, walking
movement
moro (startle reflex) → when you startle them, they brace their hands and bring them towards themselves
stepping → foot to foot
grabbing
pre-reach: attempt to reach
palmer grasp: grab using palm of hand
pincer grasp: using thumb and finger
hand preference (around 2 years)
final decision in pre school
fine motor development
smaller muscles involved
small movements
grab, point, hold
