test 1

Question 1

how many people were living in the new world?

Answer 1

about 100 million

Question 2

the new world was only new to who?

Answer 2

the europeans

Question 3

aztec vs inca location

Answer 3

inca was located in south america and aztec was north america

Question 4

who were the Mississippian people?

Answer 4

they were located on the eastern part of the united states. they had complex political organizations and small towns and cities that controlled the areas around it.

Question 5

what is cahokia?

Answer 5

this is the largest Mississippian sight. about 40,000 people lived on this sight. they had priests, politicians, and more. it showed us how much labor and time went into hills and pyramids.

Question 6

gold, god, glory

Answer 6

this was the motivation for the European explanation. there were major religious feelings at this time. sometimes it was literally gold, but usually it was just the pursuit of economic gain.

Question 7

mercantilism

Answer 7

It was the dominant European idea about how the global and national economy functioned in the late 1800’s.

Question 8

“Second Sons”

Answer 8

If you were from the upper class in European nations.

Question 9

black death

Answer 9

was a terrible pandemic. It swept the old world periodically, and went through Europe and killed a huge amount of the population. Estimate being ⅓ of the population perished from the Black Death.

Question 10

Why were people okay with leaving the old world and going to this alienated place?

Answer 10

A lot of old world people tended to believe that the new world was so much better. That the new world was an endless landscape of gold and silver. There was always sun, everything went right, etc.

Question 11

Why did they believe these things said about the new world?

Answer 11

For one, they wanted to. They had hope that something so good was out there, something better than the old world. Another reason is that there was a class of individuals telling colonists about the false idea about how good the new world was. (boosters)

Question 12

boosters

Answer 12

Boosters were trying to sell the new world colony as a place that was wonderful. Trying to convince old world colonists that it was better.

Question 13

Work by a booster named Theodor de Bry, “Employments for Gentlemen”

Answer 13

this work was meant to be a landscape full of life, forest, with men hunting and fishing. Hunting was reserved for the elite in Europe at this time. If you hunted without permission you could get executed. So, this work is portraying that there would be freedom in the new world because of the allowance of hunting freely.

Question 14

Richard Hakluyt

Answer 14

He was an English priest. His father was also a booster too. He was obsessed with the idea of England establishing their own new world colonies. He was worried that England could be following behind and that they were losing. He was trying to convince the English population to colonize the new world. He wrote some of his own ideas about what the new world was like, although he had never been to the new world himself. So he truly had no idea and he was more or less making things up in order to convince people.

Question 15

James Ogelthorpe

Answer 15

Among the group called the trusties that founded the colony. The writing that James Oglethorpe produced about Savannah, Ga had a lot of lies through it. From the weather, how “healthy” he says it is, to farming. There were a lot of lies to make it sound a lot better than it really was. He was a booster so he was trying to get a “sales pitch”.

Question 16

Columbian Exchange

Answer 16

The exchange of living things back and forth between the old world and the new world. They transferred plants, animals, people, diseases. The exchange led to increased trade and food production across the globe.

Question 17

3 categories: plants, animals, diseases

Answer 17

Plants: a lot of predictive old world crops were brought to the new world. Some important plants introduced to the new world were wheat, rice, taro, sugarcane, apples, and bananas.
They also brought over weeds. A weed is something we don’t want. The plants we label weeds are plants that grow and reproduce themselves very effectively. Weeds radically changed the new world’s landscape.
Some crops were: corn, potatoes, beans, cassava, various peppers, and tomatoes.

Animals: some important old world animals are pigs, cows, horses, goats, sheep, chickens, honeybees and donkeys. The flow of the domesticated animals was one flow. They started in the old world and then after colonization in the new world they were domesticated there instead.
There are also classes of animals that could be considered weeds. Like mice or rats.
These animals offered colonists a lot of advantages. The provided labor and food. Horses were important because they were tools of war.
King Philip’s war was a war about pigs in part.
Some domestic animals became weedy as well, the animals were going feral.

Diseases: some diseases brought from the old world were influenza, smallpox, mumps, measles, cholera, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and chicken pox.

Question 18

Corn and Potatoes

Answer 18

These two things shifted how people lived around the world. Corn thrives in a lot of very hot places. It would spread back into Europe, Africa, China and Asia.
Potatoes revolutionized life in europe. They were first brought from the wild into the farm in south america. It originated in a cool landscape up in the mountains. What made potatoes so different from wheat and rye is because they could thrive in weather where it was difficult to grow those other grains.
They were also nutritionally complete. You can practically eat an entire diet of potatoes and survive. They produce enough of different nutritions that you need to survive.
1650 - 1850: the northern half of Europe’s population tripled, which was very fast growing. The primary reason was the potato.

Question 19

Crowd Diseases

Answer 19

Some diseases included influenza, smallpox, mumps, measles, cholera, tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and chicken pox. Why was the flow one way? Why were these diseases only coming from the old world to the new world? These diseases first began as animal diseases. Over time, the people caught the diseases that only the animals carried.

In the new world you did not end up with a bunch of diseases because they did not have all these animals.

The old world colonists did not completely escape this disease. They just didn’t go down as fast as the new world population did.

Malaria and yellow fever were very big. They were brought to the new world by slave trade.

Question 20

Virgin Soil Epidemics

Answer 20

Means an unexposed population meeting a new disease for the first time. Meaning people have no immunity to something and are exposed to it for the very first time. The old world population still suffered from these diseases however they had immunity because they typically got it at a young age. However, the new world was not immune and this led to devastation.

Experts say now that probably 90-95% of the population of the new world would have died from one of the diseases from the old world. Estimated 100 million people living in north and south america. That’s a lot of the population.

Question 21

Smallpox

Answer 21

smallpox is the iconic disease of the columbian exchange. It was the biggest killer disease of all throughout the exchange. It was a viral disease transmitted from one person to another. You get it from close contact from someone that has it. It can go airborne, but more commonly it is spread through close contact through the fluids smallpox produces.

If infected, you develop these red bumps that swell up with fluid. You can get high fever, bad skin bleeding, and also respiratory failure. It would often lead to death. If you survive however, it can lead to other things like blindness, scars, limb deformity, arthritis, etc.

The death rate in Europe was up to 30%.

Smallpox is “gone” now. It was eradicated in nature in 1977. It is just in nature now.

Aztec smallpox victims: killed an estimated 5-8 million aztecs between 1519 and 1520.

The cultural response to this disease tended to make it all worse. A lot of natives fleed the outbreaks as it was affecting people. However, in terms of the disease when they were running smallpox went with them because at least a few people were already infected. The disease flowed across North america. Fleeing doesn’t save you, staying close makes it sure for you to get it, so it was a lose lose situation.

Question 22

Death Rates

Answer 22

Death rates shoot up because of the Virgin Soil Epidemic. Living through this was very devastating for the new world.

Question 23

Legacy of Columbian Exchange

Answer 23

The columbian exchange is crucial to understand for two big reasons. For one, it helps us understand this European conquest of the new world. It helps us understand colonization. The second reason is because it shapes the whole world after. The exchange continues to happen and shape things in big ways. We are still living in this columbian exchange. The columbian exchange continues all the way to the present day and is a long term exchange that still affects us.

Question 24

Hernando De Soto

Answer 24

Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula. He was a part of big Spanish campaigns. He wanted to find the next big wealthy empire that he could conquer.

This was his first big moment of contact with the United states.

Expedition from 1539-1543.

Question 25

Spanish Missions

Answer 25

They were meant to guard the Spanish empire and to be the center of religious missions as well. They were small and failed pretty quickly. It was mostly in Florida and along the Georgia coast.

The Spanish did create what would become the first colonial settlements in the United States.

Question 26

New France

Answer 26

This was the biggest competitor in the early years. New France is now today’s Canada. The total number of colonists in New France was essentially pretty small. There were only about 20,000 colonists.

The French don’t find gold and silver in new France but do find fur bearing animals. Fur was very valuable at this time in this place. By the end of the 1600’s France would expand their northern colony into modern day louisiana.

Question 27

Irish Conquest

Answer 27

Ireland was this practice run for creating new world colonies. Ireland was their own nation, they had their own religion, etc. The English tried to conquer Ireland first. This began in the 1560’s.

It would serve as this sort of model for how things were going to be. They talked about the Irish as “savages”.

Question 28

Virginia Company

Answer 28

A group of individuals mainly located in London. The Virginia company sent ships across the Atlantic to find Jamestown in 1607. The company ships dri=opped of settlers

Question 29

Jamestown

Answer 29

It was a horrible sight for a colony. There was a reason why they selected it and that was because of geology. This is because for one the water was very salty. The tide would push seawater up all on the land, etc. The water wasn’t fresh. The soil was very sandy and weak. It also was a really bad place for disease. It was also geopolitically not a great sight. It was right in the middle of one of the most powerful groups of native american people. The Powhatan confederacy people.

Question 30

Powhatan Confederacy

Answer 30

They have been doing what Spain was doing. They were militarily and economically very powerful. For jamestown to survive they needed to be on their good side. The powhatan uprising was an attack on the English colonists in 1622 and they were very close to eliminating the colony.