Test #1 Flashcards
What is Psychology?
scientific study of behavior and mental process
Functionalism
William James first American
what the mind does, not what it is made of like structuralism.
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt + Edward Bradford Titchener’s objective introspection, trains people to analyze their thoughts.
ex) Giving a flicking light and were asked to explain their thoughts
PERIODIC TABLE - what makes up the mind?
Behavioralism
John B. Watson (reinforcement tactic) ( and B.F. Skinner (wrote paper)
How people learn through their actions and environment
Psychodynamic
Sigmund Freud - personality that focuses on the UNCONCIOUS MIND and early childhood experiences to explain human behavior and personality
thoughts happen unconsciously
Humanism
carl rogers - positve reinforcement
study of the whole person, and how their inner feelings and self-image connect to their behavior
Cognitive
Ulric Neisser
Cognitive psychology is the study of internal mental processes—all of the workings inside your brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention, language, problem-solving, and learning
Neuroscientific
Perspective
the brain, hooks them up and sees what’s happening inside their heads. Which part of their brain is firing. Different lobes
Evolutionary
Perspective
how our species has evolved, we do things in adaptive ways. Charles darwin. Safer together - Things that we do are adaptive to develop social habits
Cross cultural
perspective
Culture affects our view, Japan vs US example,
Gender
perspective
difference between men and women and how they think, Women Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn
Positive
perspective
lets talk about when people thrive instead of what’s wrong, make em happy instead of fixing them miserable
Martin Seligman,
SCIENCE part of the psychology Definition.
Psychology utilizes the scientific method to gather data and test theories about human behavior and mental processes.
BEHAVIORAL part of the psychology definition
This refers to observable actions and responses that individuals exhibit
MENTAL part of the psychology definition
These include internal cognitive functions like thoughts, feelings, emotions, and memories.
Subfields within psychology
Just jobs like counseling, sports psychology etc
Steps in Scientific Method
1 hypothesis 2 testing 3 theory construction
Descriptive (Hypothesis testing)
case studies, naturalistic observation ,survey
correlational (hypothesis testing)
Correlation studies - statistical analysis.
Strong correlation. More hours catching, demure goes up POSTIVE correlation
Inverse correlation. Negative correlation . Hours catching, demure goes down.
1.00 is very good correlation
-1.00 is negative correlation
0.00 no relation
experimental studies (hypotheses testing)
Experimental Studies
Independent, ones that you manipulate. INDEPENDENT QUEEN( IV)
dependant is the outcome to see the effect
IV - amount of snake-catching
DV - level of demure
Correlation VS Causation
Correlation DOES NOT imply Causation. Baseball Doesnt make weather hotter. Weather doesnt get hotter because of baseball.
TEST question - Dont put CAUSE when you have correlation question
Experimental group
Experimental groups. Get the independent treatment. People catching snakes 5 hours per week, second group 10 hours per week
Controlled Group
No Snake Catching
Random assignment
Reduces likelihood of differences between roups AND Make sure the ONLY difference is the hours snake catching!
Statistical significance
estimate of how likely it is that the result occurred by chance. A probability less than %5 is standard for studies
Practical significance
significance judgment of how important a statistically significant topic is
Research participants rights
Informed consent
Protection from harm and discomfort
Confidentiality
Debriefing after experiment
