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Summer 24 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Shapes of the pelvis

A
  • Gynecoid (Round)
  • Android (Heart-shaped/Wedge)
  • Platypelloid (Oval)
  • Anthropoid (Oval-long)
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2
Q

Triangular panes of pelvic outlet

A
  • Anterior triangle-border is subpubic angle at apex, pubic rami on sides, and transverse diameter at base
  • Posterior triangle-border is sacrococcygeal joint at apex, sacrotuberous ligaments on sides, and transverse diameter at base
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3
Q

What is the dense fibrous tissue that spans the opening of the anterior pelvic outlet?

A

perineal membrane AKA urogenital diaphragm

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4
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

also referred to as the central tendon of the perineum, is a fibro muscular structure located in the midline of the perineum. The perineum separates the genitalia from the anus

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5
Q

What is the pelvis composed of? (Pelvic bones)

A
  • paired innominate bones joined anteriorly by symphysis pubis (fused elements of ilium, ischium and pubis)
  • sacrum & coccyx
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6
Q

What is the major contributor the pelvic stability?

A
  • Muscles: pelvic floor muscles (levator ani-pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus), gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, piriformis, deep core muscles, latissimus dorsi, biceps femoris,
  • Ligaments-sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament, iliolumbar ligament
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What type of epithelium covers the vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Layers of the Uterus

A
  • Endometrium: inner mucosa, consists of simple columnar epithelium
  • Myometrium: middle layer, consists of smooth muscle
  • Serosa (Adventitia): outermost layer, consists of thin layer of connective tissue
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10
Q

What ligaments support the uterus?

A
  • broad ligament
  • round ligament
  • cardinal ligament
  • uterosacral ligament
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11
Q

Where does the blood supply for the uterine corpus come from?

A

uterine arteries which is a branch of the internal iliac artery

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12
Q

Internal pudenal artery

A

supplies blood to the perineum, skin and muscles of anal and urogenital region, rectum and the erectile bodies of external genitalia.

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13
Q

What role does prostaglanins play in the uterus?

A
  • trigger muscles in the uterus to contract which help expel endometrium causing period
    Cervical dilation
    Allow sperm penetration
  • Higher levels can cause more severe menstrual cramps, and severe contractions may constrict the blood vessels around the uterus
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14
Q

What is the main branch of the uterine artery?

A

Internal iliac artery

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15
Q

What is the average length of the cycle?

A

28 days

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16
Q

What is the HPO axis?

A
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis
  • controls anterior pituitary functions via secretion of releasing and inhibiting factors
  • manages production of chemical messengers for regulation of gynecologic system
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17
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A
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18
Q

Uterine Cycle

A
  • Menstrual phase-cycle days 1-6 (shed layer)
  • Proliferative phase-cycle days 7-14 (rebuild stratum functionalis, cervical mucus thins to become more sperm-friendly)
  • Secretory-cycle days 15-28 (endometrium ready for implantation)
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19
Q

Follicular phase
(Cycle days 1-13)

A

Predominant hormone: Estrogen
* Prepares follicle to releases a mature egg
* phase begins on the day you get your period and ends at ovulation (it overlaps with the menses phase and ends when you ovulate)
* Estrogen rises, which causes the endometrium to grow and thicken
* FSH causes follicles in your ovaries to grow-days 10 to 14, the dominant follicle (Graafian follicle) will form ovum

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20
Q

What hormone is secreted from the hypothalmus throughout the menstrual cycle?

A

Gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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21
Q

What stimulates the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

22
Q

What is estrogen responding to when it is released from the ovary?

A

anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH which acts on the ovaries. FSH stimulates follicles to grow and produce estrogen, and LH promotes ovulation

23
Q

Which phase in the menstrual cycle is responsible for estrogen production?

A

**Follicular phase **
* FSH induces development of increased receptors on granulosa cells which stimulate estrogen production

24
Q

What stimulates the luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

Gonadatropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

25
Q

Discuss LH surge/peaks.

A
  • Typically occurs days 11-13
  • Once Graafian follicle is mature estrogen peaks to a point where it will cause a positive feedback loop to the anterior pituitary gland which will cause a massive amount of luteinizing hormone to be releases (known as the LH surge). LH causes the wall of the Graafian follicle to break down and helps release the egg. Luteinizing hormone also turns the follicle into the corpus luteum. 24-36 hours after the LH surge ovulation occurs. Ovulation tends to occur on cycle day 14.
26
Q

What is the window of fertilization and the fertilization site?

A
  • last 5 days of follicular phase through 24 hrs after ovulation
  • about cycle days 9-16
  • ampulla of fallopian tube is the most common site of fertilization
27
Q

Ovulation phase
(Day 14)

A

Predominant hormone: estrogen and LH
* Ovum released into periteneal cavity, then swept into fallopian tube; LH surge causes ovary to release egg
* Ovum lives for 24 hours, then disintegrates

28
Q

Luteal phase
(Days 15-28)

A

Predominant hormone: progesterone (main) and estrogen
This phase lasts from about day 15 to day 28.
egg leaves ovary and travels through fallopian tubes to uterus.
progesterone rises to prepare your uterine lining for pregnancy.
If egg fertilized by sperm and implants, pregnancy occurs
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the thick lining of your uterus sheds during your period.

29
Q

What is the corpus luteum? What happens to it during conception?

A
  • formed from follicle that released ovum
  • temporary endocrine strucure that helps supports pregnancy-endocrine releases progesterone to help endometrium be receptive for implantation and stimulates estrogen production
  • LH sustains corpus luteum and production of progesterone
  • If egg fertilized, corpus luteum remains intact and continues to release progesterone and estrogen for the first 12 wks while placenta develops along with the fetus in the uterus
    Placenta takes over the corpus luteum function once formed
  • embryo releases HcG (human choronic gonadotropin) prevents the corpus luteum from dying-stays in place until placenta takes over at about 8 wks
30
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if you don’t conceive?

A

degenerates, progesterone and estrogen levels decline, and uterine lining sheds as part of menstruation

31
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • functions early as endocrine gland to produce 4 hormones that support the embryo (HcG-detected 8-10 days after conception, progesterone, estrogen, human placental lactogen (hPL)-growth hormone that stimulates maternal metabolism to supply nutrients for fetal growth
  • replaces corpus luteum so estrogen/progesterone can maintain pregnancy-can produce after 11 wks
  • fetal respiration, nutrition and excretion
32
Q

Which maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta?

A

IgG

33
Q

What week is the embryonic period in pregnancy or conception?

A
  • Begins at Day 15 (3rd week after conception or fertilization) and continues until 8 weeks or until embryo reaches crown rump length/3 cm
34
Q

Organogenesis

A
  • phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues until birth
  • During organogenesis, the three germ layers formed from gastrulation (the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) form the internal organs of the organism
35
Q

What are Mullerian ducts?

A
  • embryonic structure that develops into the female reproductive tract, including the oviduct, uterus ,cervix, and upper vagina
36
Q

What are Wolffian ducts?

A
  • originates as the excretory duct of the mesonephros and are paired embryonic structures that serve as progenitors of the **male internal genitalia **
  • involved in the development of the renal system in both sexes
37
Q

What is the first functioning organ system of the embryo?

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • 3rd week-tubular heart begins to beat and CV system links embryo, stalk, chorin and yolk sak
  • 4th week-four chambered heart seen
38
Q

Which layer is being shed during endometrial shedding?

A

stratum functionale

39
Q

Where do decidual cells originate from?

A
  • uterine stroma fibroblast-like cells in endometrium
    Protect the embryo from being attacked by maternal immune cells and provides nutritional support for the embryo prior to placenta formation
40
Q

How do different hormones affect the uterus during cycling?

A
  • During the follicular phase estrogen increases to help thicken the uterine lining and FSH promotes the growth of ovarian follicles. During ovulation, the LH surge triggers ovulation and estrogen hits its peak. During the luteal phase, progesterone increases to maintain the uterine lining for potential pregnancy and estrogen also rises
41
Q

Discuss adolescent menstrual cycles. What is normal and how long do they typically last?

A
  • typically between 12-15
  • moderately obese persons have early onset menarche
  • 21-35 days w/ 3-5 day flow, but 2-7 may be normal
  • may be irregular first 1-1.5 yrs after menarche d/t immaturity of hypothalmic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis
42
Q

What is a genome?

A

entirety of all genes that make up an organism

43
Q

What is the normal number of chromosomes?

A

23 pairs, or 46 chromosomes total

44
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Germ cells that contain a single set of chromosomes

45
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Somatic cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

46
Q

Mitosis

A
  • cell division of somatic (body) cells, copy cellular DNA, divide and yield and new daughter cell identical to parent cell
  • used by the body for growth and development and replacement of injured cells
  • forms two daughter cells that have a complete set of genetic information
  • Replicates DNA once and divided once
47
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) by taking each pair of chromosomes, one from mother and father, and dividing to yield one chromosome from father’s 23 pairs, and one from mother’s 23 pairs
  • New cell (haploid) has 23 single chromosome-1/2 of genetic material from somatic cells
  • Replicates DNA once and divided twice
  • When the female gamate (egg) and the male gamate (sperm) unite they form zygote (46 chromosomes or 23 pairs)
48
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Mitosis is cell division for somatic cell and for the asexual reproduction of unicellular eukaryotic cells. Meiosis is the type of cell division for the productions of gametes and sexual reproduction.

49
Q

What are the most common autosomal recessive diseases?

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Sickle-cell anemia
  • Tay-Sachs disease
  • Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Thalassemia syndromes
  • Wilson disease
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • a-Antitrypsin deficiency
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Gaucher disease
  • Homocystinuria

Carrier parents. The
individual must have 2 abnormal gene to be
affected. If both parents carriers of gene
then 25% chance of parent passing gene to
offspring and 25% chance of affected child
and 50% chance that child is carrier of gene.

50
Q

Active Immunity

A

results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease (natural) or through vaccination (vaccine-induced immunity)

51
Q

Passive immunity

A

provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system (newborn baby acquires passive immunity from its mother through placenta)

Summer 24 (5 decks)

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