Test 1

Question 1

Define Morals

Answer 1

Standards of behavior or beliefs concerning what is & what is not acceptable

Question 2

Define Ethics

Answer 2

Rules of conduct. Created by groups to ensure members stay out of trouble and
act in a way that brings credit to the group/profession. Based upon moral choices. Helps
us understand “acceptable” behavior. Helps society live “good and worthwhile” lives.

Question 3

Define Ethical Reasoning

Answer 3

g is studying a moral issue from all angles, and then
exercising your best judgment to draw conclusions in a skillful and responsible manner
so that you can act in that very same way

Question 4

Values

Answer 4

 Personally held beliefs and opinions
 Guide our lives by influencing our
choices
 Deal with matters that are beneficial,
desirable – individual or societal level

Question 5

Ethical Values

Answer 5

Values based on determining what is right or good. Influence how decisions are made. Shape a person’s life and career.

Question 6

Immoral

Answer 6

Morally wrong. Not conforming to accepted standards of morality. A person acting immorally knowingly chooses to do wrong.

Question 7

Ethical Dilemma

Answer 7

A situation where an individual must choose between competing ethical obligations that are based upon personally or professionally held ethical principles

Question 8

Golden RULE

Answer 8

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you

Question 9

Golden Mean

Answer 9

Concept made by Aristotle. Asserts that virtuous moral behavior can be identified as a mean, or middle ground, between two extremes. Deficiency vs. Excess

Question 10

Golden rule vs Golden Mean

Answer 10

The golden rule is different then the golden mean because you’re doing something you wouldn’t want done to you while the Golden mean is doing what is right

Question 11

Arete

Answer 11

live a life of excellence, pursue a path of happiness knowing that you’ve “Tried
your best” and “Done your best.”

Question 12

Virtue

Answer 12

Behavior showing high moral standards

Question 13

Paradox

Answer 13

A statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true

Question 14

Deontology

Answer 14

The necessity of an action done out of respect for the law

Question 15

Deontological ethics

Answer 15

an action is considered morally good because of some characteristics of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good

Question 16

Eudaimonia

Answer 16

Consists of the words “eu” (“good”) and “daimon” (spirit)
The reason we should strive to be good people is essentially self-interest: those who attain
eudaimonia live better, more fulfilling lives than those who do not. Happy, healthy,
prosperous life.

Question 18

Social Contract Theory

Answer 18

: Hobbes – It’s in everyone’s interest to enforce rules that ensure
safety and security for everyone. Without laws there would be chaos. People would
exploit, and be exploited. It dictates that we will not break laws or certain moral code sand, in exchange, we reap the benefits of our society, namely security, survival,
education and other necessities needed to live.

Question 19

Moral Relativism

Answer 19

The idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles

Question 20

Rawl’s theory of justice

Answer 20

Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even that welfare of society as a whole cannot override

Question 21

What are some of the limitations of Utilitarianism?

Answer 21

Measuring happiness is difficult. Utilitarian ethics is concerned about the consequences of our actions, regardless of the
action itself. Desired ethical consequences that actually result from our actions do not always happen
immediately. Happiness should not be the only consequence or goal that matters in some ethical
dilemmas. When utilitarian decisions benefit the majority at the expense of the minority, the
minority’s rights may not be taken into account.

Question 22

What is the Nicomachean Ethics

Answer 22

The work, which plays a pre-eminent role in defining Aristotelian ethic. The writings are believed to have been written for Aristotle’s son, Nicomachus.

Question 23

Why is it considered important to discussions of mortality

Answer 23

Because without moral conduct, society would be a miserable place

Question 24

According to Aristotle, the four most-important/main virtues are…?

Answer 24

courage, justice, self-control, wisdom

Question 25

What does the textbook mean by “Us vs. Them”

Answer 25

Specifically, we propose that moral cognition as applied to individuals we identify as members of our inner social circle, “us,” is fundamentally different from moral cognition as applied to individuals we identify as outside of our social circle, “them.”

Question 25

What is meant by Kant’s rule: “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law”?

Answer 25

That people should only do what is acceptable everywhere else

Question 26

What is a “maxim”?

Answer 26

a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct.

Question 27

What is the meaning of J.S. Mill’s statement: “Better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied”?

Answer 27

not all pleasures are equal. Some are more important and valuable

Question 28

Our behaviors, ethical or otherwise, are learned mostly be what means?

Answer 28

Caught and not taught” means you learn values or behaviors from the people that
practice them

Question 29

Explain the meaning of “Tyranny of the Masses” as this relates to Utilitarianism? How can this happen?

Answer 29

“Tyranny of the Masses” occurs when a democratic majority forces its will on the minority. This state of affairs can exercise a tyrannical power even outside of political systems, when forces such as public opinion oppress individuality and rebellion.

Question 30

How might utilitarianism impact minority and individual rights?

Answer 30

individuals or minority groups may pay a heavy price for the happiness of others in their community.

Question 31

reasons to be
moral and integral, regardless of occupation?

Answer 31

Make society better, Treat Everyone equally, Secure meaningful employment, Succeed at business, and lessen stress.

Question 32

what means are the moral character and habits of police applicants closely
scrutinized by law enforcement agencies?

Answer 32

The moral history of an applicant is closely scrutinized by law enforcement agencies through
background checks, polygraphs, detailed interviews, and integrity questionnaires. Each of these methods
are used to root out applicants who may have exhibited poor moral choices in their past. Right or wrong,
law enforcement agencies view past performance as a predictor of future moral performance.

Question 33

What is the meaning of the Slippery Slope Theory of Ethics?

Answer 33

slippery slope as being small deviant acts that become increasingly easy and lead to participation in
larger, more serious acts

Question 34

Summarize the premise of the reading: “Ethics Based Policing… Undoing Entitlement,”

Answer 34

The passage discusses the challenges law enforcement agencies face in maintaining a values-based culture among officers. Despite rigorous pre-employment screening, officers are exposed to situations that can corrode their ethical standards over time. A key factor is the development of a culture of entitlement, where officers rationalize unethical behavior. This can lead to a shift from core values to situational ethics, particularly in high-stress environments. Maintaining ethical behavior requires ongoing training, support systems, and accountability measures. Agencies must intervene proactively to prevent ethical violations and maintain public trust.

Question 35

What is the purpose of The Trolley Problem?

Answer 35

to pose the more general philosophical question of whether it’s ethical to perform an action that harms someone in order to prevent a greater number of people from being harmed.

Question 36

What is the meaning of Hedonic Calculus? How did Bentham said it should be applied?

Answer 36

To determine whether an action is moral you merely have to calculate (“Hedonic Calculus”) the good and bad consequences that will result from a particular action. If the good outweighs the bad, then the action is moral.

Question 37

law enforcement careers come with a number of duties and
responsibilities for which moral behaviour is mandatory. What are those duties and responsibilities. List and
explain these.

Answer 37

Discretion: Discretion in law enforcement is necessary in order to efficiently manage call
loads and to mediate minor incidents.
Power: Because law enforcement officers exercise much discretion they also wield great power
Public service: The state employs law enforcement officers to carry out the state’s mandate: enforcing the law and keeping the peace.

Question 38

Explain the “Sontag” Experiment.

Answer 38

The “Sontag” Experiment, also known as the Stanford prison experiment, was conducted by psychologist Philip Zimbardo in 1971. The experiment aimed to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power and authority in a simulated prison environment.

Question 39

What are the 6 Pillars of Character? List everything about them

Answer 39

Trustworthiness: Include aspects of honesty, integrity, and loyalty.
Respect: Treat everyone with respect. Committing to politeness tolerance no intimidation or prejudice
Responsibility: includes accountability, pursuit of excellence, self-restraint
Fairness/Justice: Equity. Due Process. Openness. Consistency. Problem: Disagreement may exist over what is “fair”. Moral compromise may be req’d.
Caring: – Concern for the interests of others. ALWAYS consider how decisions will affect others. DOES NOT exclude decisions which may cause harm. SHOULD cause no more harm than is reasonably necessary.
Civic Virtue & Citizenship: Putting others before self. Social consciousness – an obligation to to contribute to the overall public good… community service: doing one’s share… voting, paying taxes, protecting the environment, give time/money to charity.

Question 40

Explain why The Six Pillars of Character impact a person’s moral character.

Answer 40

the Six Pillars of Character provide a framework for ethical behavior and moral development. By internalizing and embodying these values, individuals cultivate strong moral character, which guides their actions, decisions, and interactions with others

Question 41

What are the 5 Principles of Ethical Policing?

Answer 41

Fair Access –There is contract between the public and the governments we elect.
Public Trust (Accountability) - Through the social contract, we authorize and expect the police to act on our behalf.
Objectivity – Police act on behalf of all people, and not for one group over another.
Safety and Security – Police should use discretion in balancing the goal of maintaining order and security with the goal of law enforcement
Teamwork – Police represent one part of the criminal justice system. The behavior of police officers must meet the demands of teamwork – coordination, communication, and cooperation

Question 42

How might the 5 principles influence a police officer/police service?

Answer 42

It will change how a policer officer my act or look at things and it will influence a police service on what type of police officers they want.

Question 43

Explain the 3 values that Confucius believed were most important to a person?

Answer 43

Filial piety – “Xiao” - A virtue of respect for one’s parents, elders, and ancestors. It possesses a strong element of mutual respect
Humaneness - “Ren” refers to care, concern, and empathy for all human beings. Synonymous with caring, compassion, loving kindness, concern, etc.
Ritual/customs - “Li” consists of the norms of proper social behavior as taught to others by parents, family elders, village elders and government officials

Question 44

Explain what “The Analects of Confucius” are

Answer 44

collection of brief passages that present the words of Confucius and his disciples, describe Confucius as a man, and recount some of the events of his life.

Question 45

• Explain how ethical leadership impacts policing.

Answer 45

Ethical leadership is crucial in policing as it sets the tone for organizational culture, influences officer behavior, and shapes public trust and confidence in law enforcement agencies.