Test 1

Question 1

A philosophy of punishment demanding that criminals’ punishments match the degree of harm the criminals have inflicted on their victims—that is, what they justly deserve.

Answer 1

Retribution

Question 1

A punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime either by a jury, by a judge, or in a plea bargain.

Answer 1

Sentence

Question 2

A philosophy of punishment aimed at the prevention of crime by the threat of punishment.

Answer 2

Deterrence

Question 3

A philosophy of punishment that refers to the inability of criminals to victimize people outside prison walls while they are locked up.

Answer 3

Incapacitation

Question 4

A philosophy of punishment aimed at “curing” criminals of their antisocial behavior.

Answer 4

Rehabilitation

Question 5

A prison sentence consisting of a range of years to be determined by the convict’s behavior rather than one of a fixed number of years.

Answer 5

Indeterminate Sentence

Question 6

A prison sentence of a fixed number of years that must be served rather than a range.

Answer 6

Determinate Sentence

Question 7

A prison sentence imposed for crimes for which probation is not an option, where the minimum time to be served is set by law.

Answer 7

Mandatory Sentence

Question 8

Laws that require that there be a truthful, realistic connection between the sentences imposed on offenders and the time they actually serve.

Answer 8

Truth-in-sentencing laws

Question 9

A sentence in which two separate sentences may be served at the same time.

Answer 9

Concurrent sentence

Question 10

A sentence in which two or more sentences must be served sequentially.

Answer 10

Consecutive sentence

Question 11

Statutes mandating that offenders with third felony convictions be sentenced to life imprisonment regardless of the nature of the third felony.

Answer 11

Habitual Offender Statutes

Question 12

When an ex-offender commits further crimes.

Answer 12

Recidivism

Question 13

A type of sentence aimed at shocking offenders into going straight by exposing them to the reality of prison life for a short period followed by probation.

Answer 13

Shock Sentence

Question 14

Sentences that require convicted persons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to probation placement.

Answer 14

Split Sentence

Question 15

A probation sentence coupled with certain conditions that must be followed in order to remain in the community.

Answer 15

Noncustodial Sentence

Question 16

Programs designed to control offenders in a secure environment while at the same time allowing them to maintain employment.

Answer 16

Work release

Question 17

A statement made by persons directly affected by a crime (or victims’ survivors in the case of murder) to inform the court of the personal and emotional harm they have suffered as a result of the defendant’s actions and, in some states, to make a sentencing recommendation.

Answer 17

Victim Impact Statement

Question 18

Sentence disparity that is based on considerations such as crime seriousness and/or prior record.

Answer 18

Legitimate Sentence Disparity

Question 19

Sentence disparity where there are differences in punishment in cases in which no rational justification can be found for them.

Answer 19

Illegitimate Sentence Disparity

Question 20

An act mandating that the amount of crack cocaine subject to the 5-year minimum sentence be increased from 5 to 28 grams, thereby reducing the 100-to-1 ratio to an 18-to-1 ratio (28 grams of crack gets as much time as 500 grams of powder cocaine).

Answer 20

Fair Sentencing Act of 2010

Question 21

An act signed by President Trump that seeks to improve criminal justice outcomes such as reducing the federal prison population (the act applies only to the federal system) and creating rehabilitative mechanisms to maintain public safety.

Answer 21

First Step Act

Question 22

Report written by the probation officer informing the judge of various aspects of the offense for which the defendant is being sentenced as well as providing information about the defendant’s background (educational, family, and employment history), character, and criminal history.

Answer 22

Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report

Question 23

Scales for numerically computing sentences that offenders should receive on the basis of the crimes they committed and on their criminal records.

Answer 23

Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines

Question 24

A commission charged with creating mandatory sentencing guidelines to control judicial discretion.

Answer 24

U.S. Sentencing Commission

Question 25

Local community institutions that hold people who are presumed innocent before trial, convicted people before they are sentenced, convicted minor offenders who are sentenced for terms that are usually less than a year, juveniles (usually in their own detention centers, separated from adults in adult jails, or before transport to juvenile facilities), women (usually separated from men and sometimes in their own jails), and people for the state or federal authorities; they serve to incapacitate, deter, rehabilitate, punish, and reintegrate (depending on the particular jail population being served and the capacity of the given facility).

Answer 25

Jails

Question 26

Refers to the placement or allocation of prisoners to one of several custody or supervision levels in order to match the prisoners’ individual risks and needs to correctional resources and the appropriate supervision regime.

Answer 26

Classification

Question 27

The right to adequate medical care and equal treatment guaranteed by the Constitution and federal law while in jail or prison.

Answer 27

Rights to Medical Care

Question 28

U.S. Supreme Court in which the court ruled that inmates have constitutional right to medical care.

Answer 28

Estelle v. Gamble (1976)

Question 29

When someone suffers from substance abuse and mental health disorders.

Answer 29

co-occurring disorders

Question 30

Act that mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and that it identify facilities with high levels of victimization.

Answer 30

Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA)

Question 31

Jails that have two key components: a rounded, or podular, architecture for living units and the direct supervision of inmates by staff.

Answer 31

New-generation, or podular, direct supervision jails

Question 32

Organized so those inmates engaged in educational programs, drug or alcohol counseling, or mental health programming in the community will seamlessly receive such services while incarcerated and again as they transition out of the facility.

Answer 32

Community jails

Question 33

Programs that transition offenders back to the community by recognizing problems such as mental/physical illness, joblessness, and/or homelessness.

Answer 33

Reentry Programs for Jails

Question 34

A pretrial release option that allows a defendant to be released from custody without having to post bail or bond, but rather by signing an agreement promising to return to court for all scheduled appearances.

Answer 34

Release on Recognizance

Question 35

A sentence imposed on convicted offenders that allows them to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer instead of being sent to prison.

Answer 35

Probation

Question 36

British and early American practice of delaying sentencing following a conviction that could become permanent, depending on the offender’s behavior.

Answer 36

Judicial reprieve

Question 37

The act that initiated the legal use of probation in the United States.

Answer 37

National Probation Act of 1925

Question 38

A branch of corrections defined as any activity performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while at the same time monitoring their behavior for criminal activity.

Answer 38

Community corrections

Question 39

A number of innovative alternative sentences that may be imposed in place of the traditional prison/probation dichotomy.

Answer 39

Intermediate sanctions

Question 40

Programs designed to control offenders in a secure environment while at the same time allowing them to maintain employment.

Answer 40

Work release programs

Question 41

Probation that involves more frequent surveillance of probationers and that is typically limited to more serious offenders in the belief that there is a fighting chance that they may be rehabilitated (or to save the costs of incarceration).

Answer 41

Intensive supervision probation (ISP)

Question 42

Facilities modeled after military boot camps where young and nonviolent offenders are subjected to military-style discipline and physical and educational programs.

Answer 42

Correctional boot camps

Question 43

Programs designed to bring offenders and their victims together in an attempt to reconcile the wrongs offenders have caused.

Answer 43

Victim–offender reconciliation programs (VORPs)

Question 44

A system of justice that gives approximately equal weight to community protection, offender accountability, and the offender.

Answer 44

Restorative Justice

Question 45

A three-pronged goal of the juvenile justice system: (a) to protect the community, (b) to hold delinquent youths accountable, and (c) to provide treatment and positive role models.

Answer 45

Balanced approach