test 1

Question 1

What is the Krogh principle?

Answer 1

For a large number of problems the will be some animal of choice, or a few animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied

Question 2

What was Knut Schmidt-Nielsen known for?

Answer 2

shifted physiology from human medicine to biology more broadly

Question 3

What was George Bartholomew known for?

Answer 3

His integrative view of biology

Question 4

What was Per Scholander known for?

Answer 4

Plants and animals in extreme environments

Question 5

What two questions does physiology try to answer?

Answer 5

1. what is the mechanism by which a function is accomplished?
2. how did that mechanism come to be?

Question 6

What is the most abundant phylum?

Answer 6

Arthropoda

Question 7

When did bats evolve?

Answer 7

Approximately 60 million years ago

Question 8

What did we learn about exercise physiology in class?

Answer 8

Typically, animals use carbs at high intensity (90% carbs) but it runs out quickly. As you exhaust your carb stores, intensity lowers and the animals switches to mostly lipids (40% carbs).

Question 9

How do flying animals use their energy stores?

Answer 9

They cannot reduce their metabolic rate, so they use mostly fatty acids (lipids).

Question 10

Describe the digestive physiology of flying animals

Answer 10

Bats and bird digestive tracts have lower surface to volume ratios. They allow some substances to pass between the cells.

Question 11

Is echolocation in whales and bats homologous or analogous?

Answer 11

analogous

Question 12

Where are action potentials initiated?

Answer 12

axon hillock

Question 13

What are the 4 glial cells and their functions?

Answer 13

oligodendrocytes - insulation and support
astrocytes - connect capillary and neuron
microglial cells - act as phagocytes and aid immune function
Schwann cells - myelination

Question 14

cells maintain high intracellular [___] and low [___] and [___], compared to extracellular matrix

Answer 14

high K+ and low Na+ and Cl-

Question 15

What is the Goldman equation?

Answer 15

E = 58 log (Pk [K+]o + PNa [Na+]o) / (Pk [K+]i + PNa [Na+]i)

Question 16

Do action potentials degrade over space?

Answer 16

No.

Question 17

Describe the initial resting phase

Answer 17

K permeability&raquo_space; Na permeability. Inside charge is -65mV

Question 18

Describe the rising phase

Answer 18

Na voltage-gated channels open, Na permeability&raquo_space; K permeability, and inside is positive 40mV

Question 19

Describe the falling phase

Answer 19

Na channels are inactivated, voltage-gates K channels open, K permeability&raquo_space; Na permeability

Question 20

Describe the recovery phase

Answer 20

voltage gates K channels remain open for a few ms, resulting in hyperpolarization (undershoot), K permeability > Na permeability

Question 21

Describe the evolution of voltage-gated channels

Answer 21

Voltage-gated Na+ channels, K+ channels, and Ca+ channels most likely evolved from bacterial K+ channels

Question 22

Bidirectional propagation is prevented by ________

Answer 22

refractory period

Question 23

What factors affect the speed of transduction?

Answer 23

Neuron diameter, myelination, temperature

Question 24

All else being equal, larger axon diameters result in _______ action potentials

Answer 24

faster

Question 25

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 25

The way the action potential skips to each node of Ranvier

Question 26

which subphylum is known for having myelinated axons?

Answer 26

jawed vertebrates

Question 27

Describe electrical synapses

Answer 27

Rare, but fast (<1ms). Some degradation of the signal. Beneficial for rapid responses like escaping a predator.

Question 28

Describe chemical synapses

Answer 28

More common, arrival of AP in axon terminal stimulates Ca2+ channels to open, resulting in vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.

Question 29

Differentiate ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Answer 29

ionotric