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Human Bio > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of Organization - Least to Most Complex

A

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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2
Q

Steps of Scientific Method

A

observe natural phenomenon

identify question/problem to explore

develop testable hypothesis

make a prediction

test the prediction

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3
Q

Control Group

A

standard to compare test group against

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4
Q

Variable

A

aspect of an object/event that may differ with the time or between subjects

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5
Q

Cell Theory

A

cells make up all living things

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6
Q

Germ Theory

A

germs are the root cause of diseases spreading and becoming infectious

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7
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

over time, changes in organisms occur

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8
Q

5 Fundamental Characteristics of Life

A
  1. cells - organisms are made up of membrane-bound cells
  2. replication - organisms are capable of reproduction
  3. evolution - populations of organisms are continually evolving
  4. information - organisms process hereditary information encoded in genes/environment
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9
Q

Homostasis

A

state of chemical and physical stability

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10
Q

Primary Elements Found In The Human Body

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chlorine
magnesium
iron
iodine

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11
Q

3 Primary Subatomic Particles

A

protons

neutrons

electrons

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12
Q

Atomic Number

A

shares number of protons

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13
Q

Atomic Mass

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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14
Q

Chemical Symbol

A

abbreviates chemical name

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15
Q

Chemical Name

A

name of the element

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16
Q

Isotope

A

form of an atom that has the same number of protons and different number of neutrons

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17
Q

Radioisotope

A

isotopes that have radioactive elements, emits energy and particles to stabilize the nucleus of a radioisotope

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18
Q

Electron Valency

A

indicates atom will bond with others

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19
Q

Chemical Compound

A

combination of two or more different elements
proportions never vary

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20
Q

Chemical Mixture

A

two or more kinds of molecules mingle
proportions may be different

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21
Q

Ionic Bond

A

joins atoms with opposite electrical charges

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22
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms share two or more electrons

two atoms each have one electron in outer shell and needs one more to be complete

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23
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

two atoms pull equally on electrons
no charge difference at the two ends

hydrophobic

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24
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

two atoms DO NOT pull equally on electrons

the one with the most protons pulls more and has a sightly more negative charge

hydrophilic

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25
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

weak link formed between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

26
Q

Characteristics of Water

A

water molecules are polar

polar molecules are attracted to water (hydrophilic)

non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (repel by water)

27
Q

Water As A Solvent

A

chemical reactions occur in water-based solutions, ions and polar molecules dissolve easily in it

28
Q

Free Radicals

A

unstable missing electron in outer shell, molecule released by oxidation reactions

29
Q

Antioxidants

A

gives up a free electron to the free radical to stabilize

30
Q

pH Scale

A

measures the relative concentration of H+ (hydrogen) in fluids

31
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

buffers protect against pH changes

buffers happen in biological systems and operate as a balancing system - can only bind or release H+

32
Q

Nucleus Charge

A

the nuceli of atoms are positive

positive repels other positives, so atomic nuclei will repel each other

33
Q

Electron Charge

A

electrons are negative, so (positive) atomic nuclei will attract (negative) electrons

34
Q

Electron Shells

A

electrons orbit the nucleus in a shell

shell 1 can have up to 2 electrons

shell 2 and 3 can have up to 8

35
Q

Chemical Reactions - Condensation

A

two molecules covalently bond into a larger one

36
Q

Chemical Reactions - Hydrolysis

A

molecule splits into two smaller ones

37
Q

Chemical Reactions - Transfer of Functional Groups

A

one molecule gives up a functional group, and a different molecule immediately accepts it

38
Q

Chemical Reactions - Electron Transfer

A

one molecule donates electrons to another molecule

39
Q

Chemical Reactions - Rearrangment

A

moving internal bonds converts one type of organic compound to another

40
Q

Types of Molecules

A

enzymes speed reactions

polymer

carbohydrate

protein

lipid

nucleic acid

41
Q

Types of Lipids And Their Uses

A

saturated and unsaturated fats

stores energy
signaling molecules
structural materials
phospholipids build cell membranes

42
Q

Phospholipids

A

main component of cell membranes

hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail

43
Q

Nucleotides

A

building blocks of nucleic acids

composed of:
one sugar
at least one phosphate
one nitrogen base

44
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

DNA is contained inside nucleus, membrane encloses cells and organelles

45
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

nothing separates DNA from other internal cells parts

46
Q

Cell Structure

A

outer plasma membrane
cytoplasm
DNA

47
Q

Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells

A

outer membrane separates interior of organelle from rest of cytoplasm

membrane controls substances that enter/leave

ribosomes and centrioles lack a membrane

48
Q

Nucleus

A

nucleus encloses DNA of a eukaryotic cell

nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus

49
Q

Chromatin

A

cells DNA and protein associated with it, makes copy of DNA when cell is preparing to divide

50
Q

Chromosome

A

double-stranded DNA molecule that carries genetic information

51
Q

Diffusion

A

mechanism for moving substances across cell membrane

dissolved molecule or ion moves down their concentration gradient

passive transport - does not require energy

52
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semipermerable membrane in response to solute concentration gradient

53
Q

Tonicity

A

concentration of a solute in a solution

hypotonic fluid has fewer solutes
hypertonic fluid has more solutes

54
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical reactions in a cell fueled by ATP, some release energy and others require it

55
Q

Anabolism

A

metabolism that puts together small molecules

56
Q

Catabolism

A

metabolism that breaks down large molecules

57
Q

Metabolic Reactions - Reactant

A

any substance that takes part in a metabolic reaction

58
Q

Metabolic Reactions - Intermediate

A

substance formed between beginning and end of metabolic pathway

59
Q

Metabolic Reactions - Product

A

substance present at the end of a reaction or pathway

60
Q

Enzymes

A

essential part of metabolic reactions

most enzymes are proteins

body controls activity of enzymes

61
Q

ATP Via Cellular Respiration

A

step 1: glycolysis breaks down
occurs in cytoplasm
2 ATP produced

step 2: krebs cycle - produces energy and transports molecules

stage 2: electron transport chain
occurs inside mitochondria

Human Bio (4 decks)

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