Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 3520 INFANCY > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of parents report spanking their kids?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does spanking affect behavior?

A

It makes behavior worse and effects last longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are effective alternatives to spanking?

A
  1. Sympathy: children can better cope with the distress
  2. Finding positive alternatives to expressing their feelings
  3. Timeouts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the turtle technique?

A

Children feel themselves getting angry they move away from other children and retreat into their “turtle shells”, where they think through the situation until they are ready

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

statistical method for combining the results from independent studies to reach conclusions;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 3 reasons to study child development?

A
  1. Raising children
  2. Choosing Social Policies
  3. Understand human nature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do Nativists argue?

A

children are born with an innate ability to organize laws of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do Empiricists argue?

A

all learning comes from only experience and observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were Plato and Aristotle particulary interested in?

A
  • How children are influenced by their nature and by the nature they receive
  • The long-term welfare of society depended on proper raising of children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why did Plato view the rearing of boys as a particular challenge?

A

They are the craftiest, most mischievous, and unruliest of brutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Plato emphasize as the most important goals of education?

A

Self-control and discipline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aristotle agreed with Plato that discipline was necessary but he was more concerned with…

A

fitting child rearing to the needs of the individual child gives the child a better chance of receiving treatment that suits him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How did Plato believe children acquired knowledge?

A

Children have innate knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did Aristotle believe children acquired knowledge?

A

Knowledge comes from experience and the mind of an infant is like a clean blackboard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does Locke view children?

A

As a Tabula Rose, a blank slate, whose development reflects the nurture provided by the child’s parents and society, and the most important goal is the growth of character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does one build a child’s character?

A

Set good examples of honesty, stability, and gentleness, and avoid indulging the child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did Locke believe once discipline and reason had been instilled in the child?

A

Authority should be relaxed as fast as their age, discretion, and good behavior could allow it
The sooner you treat him as a man, the sooner he will begin to be one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does Rosseau believe that parents and society should give children?

A

Maximum freedom from the beginning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do children learn according to Rousseau?

A

From spontaneous interactions with objects and other people, rather than parents or teachers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

At what age does Rousseau believe children should receive formal education?

A

12 which is the “age of reason”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What was one of the first methods for studying children?

A

Darwin’s “baby biography” for day-to-day development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nature

A

biological endowment, genes we receive from our parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does nature affect us?

A

influences every aspect of our makeup, physical appearance, personality, intellect, and propensity for thrill-seeking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nurture

A

the environments, both physical and social, that influence our development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What determines how a person develops?

A

Nature and Nurture
Both biology and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

With twins, if one has schizophrenia what is the chance that the other twin has schizophrenia?

A

40-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What did the study of adopted children and schizophrenia indicate?

A

Children whose birth parent was schizophrenic and who got adopted into a troubled family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Genome

A

person’s complete set of hereditary information, DNA, and all of its genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does a genome influence

A

behaviors and experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Epigenetic

A
  • The study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment
  • How experience gets under the skin
  • Chromatin modification
  • Easiest to study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Methylation

A

A biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression (stress)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

If the mother carried more stress during their childs infancy it…

A

related to the amount of methylation in children’s genomes 15 years later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Increased Methylation in the cord-blood DNA of newborns of depressed mothers/adults who were abused led researchers to speculate…

A

children are at a higher risk for depression as adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How do infants shape their development?

A

Selective attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

Attend more to objects that move and make sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are infants particularly drawn to?

A

Faces, especially their mother’s face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

At what age do children begin to speak?

A

9-15 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What age does a young child’s “fantasy play” typically begin?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does play teach children?

A

how to cope with fear, resolve disputes, interact with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is continuous change?

A

Small changes, small increments, like a tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is discontinuous change?

A

Changes with age include occasional large shifts, like a transition from caterpillar to cocoon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are Stage Theories?

A

Approaches proposing that development involves a series of large, discontinuous, age-related phases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

the development of thinking and reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 3 Developmental mechanisms

A

Behavioral, neural, or genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mathematical development has been explained through

A

Behavioral mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Increased interconnection between the frontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus has been explained through

A

Neural mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The presence or absence of specific alleles has been explained through

A

Genetic mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is effortful attention?

A

Voluntary control of one’s emotions and thoughts
inhibiting impulses, controlling emotions, focusing attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does difficulty in exerting effortful attention associated with?

A

Behavioral problems, weak math and reading skills, and mental illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals involved in communication among brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Lower-quality parenting is associated with

A

Lower ability to regulate attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Prolonged sleep promotes changes in the maturation of the

A

Hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Sociocultural Context

A

The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up a child’s environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What four factors can lead children from a family to turn out differently?

A
  1. Genetic differences
  2. Differences in treatment by parents and others
  3. Differences in reactions to similar experiences
  4. Different choices of environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the active child?

A

as children grow they increasingly choose activities and friends for themselves and thus influence their development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does a measure have to have to be useful?

A

Must be directly relevant to the hypothesis, reliable, and valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Reliability

A

independent observations of a given behavior are consistent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Validity

A

measure assesses what it is intended to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Why are Interviews useful?

A

Revealing children’s subjective experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Why are Naturalistic observations useful?

A

When the primary goal is to describe how children behave in their everyday environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Why are Structured observations useful?

A

When the main goal is to describe how different children react to an identical situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How does correlation and causation differ?

A

Correlation indicates the degree to which two variables are associated
Causation indicates that changing the value of one variable will change the value of the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

Amount of agreement in the observation of different rates who witness the same behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Cumulative Risk

A

Accumulation of disadvantages over years of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Epigenesis

A

The emergence of new structures and functions in the course of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Gametes (germ cells)

A

reproductive cells- egg and sperm- that contain only half the genetic material of all other cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that produces gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Conception

A

union of egg and sperm- fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the four developmental processes that transform a zygote from embryo to fetus?

A

Mitosis: cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells
Cell Migration: newly formed cells move away from the point of origin
Cell differentiation: cells start to specialize in structure and function
Apoptosis: genetically programmed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Fetal hand plate

A

The role of apoptosis is seen in the development of the hand which requires the death of the cells between the ridges of the hand plate for the fingers to separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What happens in trimester 1 week 1 of Prenatal Development

A

Zygote travels from the fallopian tube to the womb and embeds in the uterine lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What happens in trimester 1 weeks 2-3 of Prenatal Development

A

The embryo forms three layers, which become the nervous system and skin, muscles, bones, circulatory system, digestive system, lungs, and glands, the neural tube develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What happens in trimester 1 week 4 of Prenatal Development

A

Neural tube continues to develop into the brain and spinal cord; the primitive heart is visible, as are leg and arm buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What happens in trimester 1 weeks 5-9 of Prenatal Development

A

Facial features differentiate, rapid brain growth occurs, internal organs form, fingers and toes, sexual differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What happens in trimester 1 weeks 10-12 of Prenatal Development

A

The heart develops, the spine and ribs develop more, and the brain forms divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What happens in trimester 2 weeks 13-24 of Prenatal Development

A

Lower body growth, genitalia, hairy out covering, facial expressions, fetal movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What happens in trimester 3 weeks 25-38 of Prenatal Development

A

The fetus triples in size, brain, and lungs develop for survival outside of the womb, visual and auditory systems, learning and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Neural Tube

A

a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Amniotic sac

A

a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Placenta

A

a support organ for the fetus that permits the exchange of materials carried in the bloodstreams of the fetus and the mother
Protects embryo from dangerous toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Umbilical cord

A

a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Identical twins

A

Result from the splitting of the zygote
The same set of genes
Monozygotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Fraternal twins

A

The result when two eggs are released in fallopian tubes at the same time
Half their genes in common
Dizygotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

When does fetal movement start?

A

5-6 weeks after conception
Hiccups, swallowing, movement of limbs, fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Sight in the womb

A

Minimal; fetal preferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Touch in the womb

A

Contact with parts of the body; grasping umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Taste in the womb

A

Can detect flavors in amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Smell in the womb

A

Amniotic fluid takes odor from what the mother eats; phylogenetic continuity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Hearing in the womb

A

Responds to various sounds from at least 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Habituation

A

A form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation; seen at 30 weeks gestation in visual and auditory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Dishabituation

A

The introduction of a new stimulus rekindles interests following habituation to a repeated stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What are some Environmental Pollutants?

A

Toxic metals, synthetic hormones, plastic ingredients, pesticides, herbicides
Air and water pollution
Kead (dose-response relationship)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Teratogens

A

a substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes congenital disabilities, sleeper effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Dose-response radiation

A

Potential problems depend on how the mother is exposed to the teratogen and for how long
The more exposure, the more at risk the fetus becomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Spina Bifida

A

a birth defect in which an area of the spinal column doesn’t form properly, leaving a section of the spinal cord and spinal nerves exposed through an opening in the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

STIs can damage the _____
Infections, such as influenza may lead to __________
Zika virus can lead to __________

A

CNS
Schizophrenia
Microcephaly (smaller head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What are the potential risks of hazards?

A
  1. SIDS (biological issues, environmental stressors)
  2. FASD (alcohol consumption during preg)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

The 5 steps of the Birth Experience

A
  1. Birth at 38 weeks
  2. Uterine muscles contract
  3. Baby in a head-down position
  4. Mother experiences pain
  5. Baby experiences squeezing (reducing the size of head, plates of skull overlap, hormone production, forces amniotic fluid out of lung)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What are the dual goals that all cultures pursue?

A
  1. Survival and health of mother and baby
  2. Social integration of baby
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Cesarean (C-section)

A

Surgical delivery of the baby when birth complications arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

How does a healthy baby interact?

A

Interacts with environment right away
Explores and learns
Influenced by state of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

In a 24-hour day, how many hours does a newborn spend in each state of arousal?

A

Active sleep: 8
Quiet sleep: 8
Active awake: 2.5
Alert awake: 2.5
Crying: 2
Drowsing: 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

A

active state; characterized by quick, jerky eye movements under closed eyelids
Compensates for the lack of visual stimulation in the womb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

quiet or deep sleep state characterized by the absence of motor activity or eye movements
More regular, slower brain waves, breathing, and heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Why do infants cry?

A

Infants cry to get the attention of caregivers
illness, pain, and hunger
Peaks around 6-8 weeks of age and decreases around 3-4 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What is a soothing technique?

A

Swaddling; wrapping baby snugly in clothes or a blanket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Colic

A

excessive inconsolable crying by a young infant for no apparent reason
Ends around 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What is the Infant Mortality during the first year after birth?

A

4.5 per 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

What are the Birth Weights?

A

Average: 2500-4500grams
LBW: less than 2500 grams
VLBW: less than 1500 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Premature (preterm) babies

A

born at or before 37 weeks after conception
Increase in multiple births; infertility treatment
Small for gestational age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

What are the intervention factors for LBW babies?

A

Kangaroo care: skin-to-skin
Breastmilk
CCC: cuddles, caressed, and carried
Educational programs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Resilience in infants

A

When an infant thrives, even with hazards such as low birth weight, poverty, or teratogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What is the most common fate of a fertilized egg?

A

Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Multiple-risk model

A

Infants with several risk factors have a heightened likelihood of continued developmental problems

117
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

The pattern of growth in areas near the head develops earlier than in areas farther from the head

118
Q

Embryo

A

The developing organism from the 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development

119
Q

Sensitive Period

A

When a developing organism is most sensitive to the effects of external factors

120
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of organisms and genes

121
Q

Gene synthesis

A

Method for producing DNA

122
Q

Genotypes

A

Inherited genetic material

123
Q

Phenotype

A

Observed expression of genetic material (genotype) (e.g. body characteristics and behavior)

124
Q

Development is a combined function of __________ and _________ factors

A

`Genetic and environmental

125
Q

Parents’ genotype-> childs genotype

A

Transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring

126
Q

Chromosomes

A

Molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information

127
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in forming an organism and its functions

128
Q

Gene

A

Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

129
Q

Crossing over

A

The process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another
Promotes variability among individuals

130
Q

Mutation

A

a change in a section of DNA

131
Q

What determines an individual’s gender?

A

Sex chromosomes X and Y

132
Q

Endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior; mediate path between genes and behavior

133
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents the metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine

134
Q

Gene expression: developmental changes
What are Regulator genes?

A

Genes that control the activity of other genes; turning off and on

135
Q

Gene expression: dominance patterns
What are alleles?

A

Dominant and recessive alleles Homozygous and heterozygous

136
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

the inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes

137
Q

What are parental contributions to a child’s environment?

A

Gene-environment correlations
Non-transmitted parental alleles (genetic nurture)

138
Q

Children are _____ creators of their environment

A

active

139
Q

Why do children select certain surroundings and experiences?

A

Choose ones that match their interests, talents, and personality characteristics

140
Q

Although the structure of DNA remains fixed, what epigenetic mechanisms can alter the functioning of genes?

A

Create stable changes in their expression
Some changes can be passed on to the next generation; this altering is mediated by the environment

141
Q

Methylation

A

epigenetic mechanism that silences gene expression most studied in humans

142
Q

Epigenetics literally means…

A

in addition to changes in genetic sequence

143
Q

What is one answer to why Nature vs Nurture ends?

A

Epigenetics

144
Q

Behavior genetics

A

how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

145
Q

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)

A

link specific DNA segments with particular traits

146
Q

Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA)

A

takes estimates of genetic resemblance across large groups of individuals

147
Q

High heritability does not imply _______________

A

Immutability

148
Q

Heritability estimate

A

Applies to a particular population living in a particular environment
Where they derived

149
Q

Shared environment

A

Growing up in the same family, genetic relatedness

150
Q

Non-shared environments

A

Children could be in the same family with non-shared experiences (inside or outside the family)

151
Q

Outside family factors

A

Different peer groups, idiosyncratic life events, being bullied

152
Q

Neurons

A

cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body

153
Q

What are the three main components of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
154
Q

Cell body

A

contains basic biological material; keeps neurons functioning

155
Q

Dendrites

A

neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

156
Q

Axon

A

neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

157
Q

Synapses

A

The places where neurons connect and communicate with each other

158
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells in the brain provide critical supportive functions
Form myelin sheath around axons

159
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body
Increases speed and efficiency of neuronal information transmission

160
Q

The Cortex

A

The cerebral cortex constitutes 80% of the human brain
The “gray matter” of the brain

161
Q

What lobes are associated with the cortex?

A

Occipital lobe: processes visual information
Temporal lobe: spatial processing, auditory information, memory
Frontal lobe: organizing behavior; planning ahead

162
Q

What are the Association areas?

A

lie between major sensory and motor areas, processing and integrating input from there

163
Q

What are the 4 parts of the cortex?

A

Frontal cortex: the front part of the cortex assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation. It is very immature in the newborn
Cerebral cortex: plays a primary role in what is thought to be a humanlike function
Auditory cortex
Visual cortex

164
Q

Cerebral Lateralization

A

refers to the functional specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres which sensory input from one side of the body goes to the opposite hemisphere of the brain

165
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a dense tract of nerve fibers
Enables the two hemispheres to communicate

166
Q

Quantitative Behaviour genetics

A

Uses a variety of family-study designs to generate heritability estimates examining the contributions of heredity and environment for individual differences in a range of traits and behaviors

167
Q

Molecular Behaviour Genetics

A

Approaches permit the field to move beyond family designs to investigate patterns of genes across large groups of people

168
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons
Results in trillions of connections

169
Q

What plays a crucial role in the strengthening or elimination of synapses?

A

Experience

170
Q

Experience-dependent Plasticity

A

Neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals experiences

171
Q

Experience-expectant Plasticity

A

the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of species-typical experiences

172
Q

Plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
It makes the developing brain vulnerable to the absence of stimulation at sensitive periods
The ability of the brain to recover from injury depends on the age of the child

173
Q

Secular trends

A

changes in physical development that have occurred over generations

174
Q

Food neophobia

A

Young children’s unwillingness to eat unfamiliar foods

175
Q

Telomeres

A

4 cap on chromosomes that unravel which makes more munitions of it replicating, the more it unravels the more errors in replications, things affect the length (with stress it becomes shorter) which causes you to age faster. Telomere length is how quickly you age is passed on genetically

176
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The proliferation of neurons through cell division

177
Q

Newborn screening

A

Tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

178
Q

Recessive Alleles

A

the alleles of the trait-causing gene are the same

179
Q

Spines

A

formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrite’s capacity to form connections with other neurons

180
Q

Why is Understanding Development Important?

A

Provides a framework for understanding important phenomena
Raises important questions about human nature
This leads to a better understanding of children

181
Q

Piagetian Theory

A

Nature and nurture, continuity/discontinuity, the active child

182
Q

Information-processing Theory

A

Nature and nurture, how change occurs

183
Q

Core-knowledge Theory

A

Nature and nurture, continuity/discontinuity

184
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Nature and nurture, influence of the sociocultural context, how change occurs

185
Q

Dynamic-systems Theory

A

Nature and nurture, the active child, how change occurs

186
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages?

A

Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-12)
Formal operational (12+)

187
Q

Main sources of continuity

A

assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium

188
Q

Piaget’s 2 fundamental assumptions

A

Children are mentally active from birth
Children’s mental and physical activity contribute to their development

189
Q

Constructivist approach to cognitive development

A

Children construct knowledge for themselves in response to their experiences
Children’s constructive processes involve
- Generating hypotheses
- Performing experiments
- Drawing conclusions from their observations

190
Q

Sources of discontinuity

A

Qualitative change
Broad applicability
Brief transitions
Invariant sequence

191
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Piaget term for the way infants think- by using their senses and motor skills
Permanence and caple of deferred imitation

192
Q

A-not-B-task

A

tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found, rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

193
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and thought

194
Q

What are the 2 limitations in the Preoperational stage?

A

Centration
Egocentrism

195
Q

What is Centration?

A

Focusing on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event

196
Q

Egocentrism

A

Perceiving the world solely from one’s own point of view

197
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events but have difficulty reasoning in purely abstract terms and succeeding in tasks requiring hypothetical thinking

198
Q

Pendulum Problem

A

a Piagetian task used to assess cognitive development. The participant is asked to work out what governs the speed of an object swinging on a piece of string

199
Q

Formal Operation Stage

A

Children become able to think systematically, test hypotheses in valid ways, and reason about hypothetical situations

200
Q

What are the 4 weaknesses of Piaget’s theory?

A
  1. The theory is vague about the mechanisms that give rise to children’s thinking and produce cognitive growth
  2. Infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized
  3. The theory understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development
  4. The stage model depicts children’s thinking as more consistent than it is
201
Q

Piaget wanted to be known as a

A

epistemologist

202
Q

Information processing theories focus on

A

Specific mental processes that underlie children’s thinking

203
Q

Exploration is the process of ________________ which eventually becomes a __________________

A

Cognitive pruning
Cognitive process

204
Q

Adapting to out world through____________ and________________

A

accommodation (i.e. your concept is changed) assimilation (i.e. forced to fit in)

205
Q

Sensormoter stage

A

Patterns of movement and sensatio

206
Q

Piaget’s stages were

A

observational, not reductive

207
Q

What does the memory system include

A

working memory
longterm memory
executive funcitoning

208
Q

Working Memory

A

System for actively attending to, gathering, maintaining, briefly storing, and processing info

209
Q

Long-term Memory

A

Enduring knowledge accumulated over a lifetime

210
Q

Executive Functioning

A

Crucial for inhibiting inadvisable actions, enhancing working memory, and flexibly adapting to changing situations

211
Q

Basic cognitive processes allow infants to

A

Learn and remember from birth onwards

212
Q

What are Piagets Interests

A

Conceptual (as opposed to physical) category
Permanence
Morality
Meaning and symbolic play
Imitation

213
Q

Encoding

A

representing in memory information that draws attention or is considered important

214
Q

Constructivism

A

Theory that infants build increasingly advamced understanding by combining innat knowledge with subsequent experiences
Children explain many phenomena in terms of a few fundamental principles
Children explain events in terms of unobservable causes

215
Q

Imitation –>

A

learning of self

216
Q

Information-Processing Theories

A

Theories that focus on the structure of cognitive systems and the mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems

217
Q

What does information-processing theroies focus on

A

Focus on
Development of memory
Development of problem solving

218
Q

Cognitive development arises from childrens gradually surmounting processing limitations through

A
  1. Expanding amount of information processed at a time
  2. Increasing processing speeds
  3. Acquiring new strategies and knowledge
219
Q

How are executive functions applied throughout the lifespan?

A

Inhibiting tempting actions that can cause difficulties
Enhancing working memory through use of strategies such as repeating a phone number
Being cognitively flexible and taking another persons perspective in an argument (even if it is different)

220
Q

Content knowledge

A

Increased knowledge improves recall and integration of new information
Prior content knowledge improves encoding, provides useful associations

221
Q

Overlapping waves theory

A

an information processing approach that emphasizes the variability of childrens thinking

222
Q

Children are not good at planning; planning improves as the_________________ matures

A

prefrotnal cortex

223
Q

What are examples of domain-specific learning mechanisms

A

Understanding manipulating other people’s thinking
Differentiating between living and nonliving things
Identifying human faces, finding ones way through space
Understanding casues and effects; language

224
Q

Core-knowledge theorists

A

View children as entering the world equipped with specialized learning mechanisms

225
Q

Nativism

A

Infants have substantial innate knowledge of evolutionary important domains
- Inanimate objects and thei mechanical
- interactions
- Minds of people and animals capable of goal directed actions
- Numbers
- Spatial layouts

226
Q

Sociocultural Theories

A

Emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to childrens development

227
Q

Guided Participation

A

more knowledgable people ornagize activites in ways that allow less knowledgable people to leanr

228
Q

Social Scaffolding

A

more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children’s thinking at higher level than children could manage on their own

229
Q

Cultural tools

A

the innumberable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking

230
Q

Private Speech

A

Telling themselves aloud what to do

231
Q

Intersubjectivity

A

mutual understanding that people share during comminication

232
Q

Joint Attention

A

social partners inentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment

233
Q

What are Lev Vygotskys 3 phases of internalized speech?

A
  1. Childrens behaviour is controlled by other peoples statements
  2. Childrens behaviour is controlled by their own private speech
  3. Childrens behaviour is controlled by internalized private speech (thought), in which they silently tell themselves what to do
234
Q

Important Contributors of the growth problem solving include the development of

A

Planning and encoding

235
Q

Sociocultural theorists have focused on how the social world ________ ____________________

A

molds development

236
Q

Sociocultural theories view humans as differening from other animals in their propensity to

A

teach and their ability to learn from teaching

237
Q

Dynamic-systems theories emphasize

A

Children are innately motivated to explore the environment
Children have a precise way of problem solving
Infants and toddlers are competent
Other people are important in influencing development

238
Q

The centrality of action

A

Childrens specific actions contribute to development throughout life

239
Q

Development is a process of

A

self-oganization

240
Q

Self-oganization involves integrating

A

attention, memory, emotions, and actions to adapt to a changing environment

241
Q

Soft assembly

A

as components are ever changing

242
Q

Variation

A

the use of different behaviours to pursue the same goal

243
Q

Selection

A

increasing frequent choice of behaviours that are relatively successful in reaching goals

244
Q

Phonemes

A

small units of meaningful sound

245
Q

Production

A

the process of speaking

246
Q

Generative

A

system in whic a finite set of words can be combined to generate an infinite number of sentences

247
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest units of meaning in a language

248
Q

Syntax

A

Rules specifying how words from different categoirs can be combined

249
Q

Pragmetics

A

how language is used

250
Q

Aquiring a language involves the complex systems of

A

Phonology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics

251
Q

Lanuage is

A

Species-specific

252
Q

The first pre-rerequisite for languages full-fledged development is

A

a human brain/environment
Therefore, non-human brains do not learn full-fledged human languages

253
Q

A second pre-requisite for language developemnt is

A

exposure to language (listening speaking)

254
Q

Infant-directed speech (IDS)

A

mode of speech used when speaking to infants and toddlers

255
Q

Infants have excellent

A

Speech-percpetion abilities

256
Q

Symbols

A

Involve systems of representing our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge, and for communicating them to other people

257
Q

Sensitive period

A

Early years until around age 5 sensitive for language learning

258
Q

human brain language lateralization

A

Language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere

259
Q

Bilingual infants learn in the

A

learn in the womb
Discriminate speech sounds of two languages at same pace of infants learning one
better at using silent talking face to discriminate unfamiliar languages

260
Q

Prosody

A

the characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns, etc. with which a language is spoken

261
Q

Categorical Percpetion

A

The perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories

262
Q

Voice Onset Time (VOT)

A

The length of time between when air passes through the lips and when the vocal cords start vibrating

263
Q

Word Segmentation

A

The process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech

264
Q

Distributional Properties

A

The phenomenon that, in any language, certain sounds are more likely to appear together than are others

265
Q

Babbling

A

Producing syllables made up of a consonant followed by a vowel (“pa,” “ba,” “ma”) that are repeated in strings (“mamama”)

266
Q

When do infants learn how to communicate with other people including establishing joint attention

A

During second half of the first year

267
Q

Infants recognize highly familar words at __ months and produce words at __ year

A

6
1

268
Q

Successful communication requires

A

Intersubjectivity
Joint attention

269
Q

All current theories agree that there is an interaction between ________ factors and _______________

A

innate
experience

270
Q

Cross-situational word learning

A

Determining word meanings by tracking correlations between labels and meanings across scenes and contexts

271
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

Strategy of using the grammatical structure to infer meaning

272
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

short utterances that leave out nonessential words; two-word utterances

273
Q

Overregularization

A

Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular

274
Q

Narratives

A

Descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story and can be produced by 5 years of age

275
Q

Collective monologues

A

content of each child’s turn has little or nothing to do with what other child has just said

276
Q

Development of language skills beyond ages 5 or 6 years

A

Sustaining a conversation
Complex grammar mastered
Appreciation of multiple meanings of words
Better comprehension

277
Q

6-year-olds know _______ words

A

10,000
College students: 150,000 words

278
Q

5th graders know _________ words

A

40,000

279
Q

College students know _________ words

A

150,000

280
Q

Noam Chomsky proposed that all humans are born with

A

Universal Grammer

281
Q

Rene Descartes and the triagle

A

the baby constructs the triangle, without ever having seen the triangle

282
Q

Human interchange is completely

A

“creative and unbounded”

283
Q

Language and SES

A

Number of words children know –> related to number of words they hear –> linked to their caregivers’ vocabularies

284
Q

What is the relationship between gestures and vocabulary?

A

infants who gesture more have larger vocabularies

285
Q

Young children have__________ with dual representation; ability to exploit symbolic artifacts

A

difficulty

286
Q

Childrens form of drawing people take what form?

A

Tadpole

287
Q

Connectionism

A

computational modelling apprach that emphasizes the stimultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units

288
Q

Overextension

A

overly broad interpretation of the meaning of a word

289
Q

Pragmatic cues

A

Aspects of the social context used for word learning

PSYC 3520 INFANCY (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions