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BIO153 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

morphological characteristics

A

outward appearance of organism

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2
Q

molecular characteristics

A

features based on the macro molecular composition of an organism

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3
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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4
Q

systematics

A

discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

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5
Q

what are organisms likely to share with their ancestors?

A

genes, metabolic pathways, structural proteins

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6
Q

taxonomy

A

discipline concerned with naming and classifying forms of life

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7
Q

genus

A

category above the species level

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8
Q

what is the first part of the naming system called?

A

genus

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9
Q

what is the second part of the naming system called?

A

specific epithet

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10
Q

taxon

A

taxonomic unit at any level

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11
Q

branch points

A

represent common ancestor

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12
Q

tree topology

A

pattern of branching

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13
Q

rooted tree

A

branch point within tree represents the most common recent ancestor of all taxa in tree

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14
Q

basal taxon

A

lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group

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15
Q

homology

A

similarity between two species due to shared ancestry

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16
Q

analogy

A

similarity between two species due to convergent evolution

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17
Q

convergent evolution

A

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

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18
Q

molecular homoplasies

A

coincidental matches between two very different sequences

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19
Q

molecular systematics

A

discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships

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20
Q

cladistics

A

approach to systematics where organisms are placed into groups called clades

21
Q

clade

A

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its decendents

22
Q

when are taxon equivalent to clade?

A

when it is monophyletic

23
Q

monophyletic

A

pertains to a group of taxa that consists of common ancestor and all it’s descendants

24
Q

paraphyletic

A

consists of common ancestor and some of its descendants

25
Q

polyphyletic

A

includes no common ancestor with distantly related species

26
Q

shared ancestral character

A

a character shared by members of particular clade that originated in ancestor not part of clade

27
Q

shared derived character

A

evolutionary novelty that is unique to particular clade

28
Q

outgroup

A

species or group of species from evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before lineage

29
Q

ingroup

A

species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we want to determine

30
Q

principle of maximum parismony

A

first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

31
Q

maximum likelihood

A

identifies the tree most likely to have produced a given set of DNA data

32
Q

what are phylogenetic trees?

A

hypotheses about how various organisms are related to each other

33
Q

cladogram

A

branching diagram used to show phylogenetic relationships among organisms

34
Q

phylogram

A

phylogenetic tree where the branch lengths are proportional to amount of change seen in species characteristics

35
Q

what is used as DNA barcode

A

cytochrome oxidase I gene on mitochondrial gene

36
Q

gene families

A

groups of related genes within an organisms genome

37
Q

what are the two types of homologous genes?

A

orthologous and paralogous

38
Q

orthologous genes

A

homology is the result of a speciation event and therefore occurs between genes found in different species

39
Q

paralogous genes

A

homology results from gene duplicstion

40
Q

molecular clock

A

method for estimating time required for given amount of evolutionary change

41
Q

what are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

42
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

43
Q

Bacteria

A

contains most of currently known prokaryotes

44
Q

Archaea

A

diverse group of prokaryotic organisms

45
Q

Eukarya

A

all organisms with cell containing nuclei

46
Q

polytomy

A

branch point that diverges into more than two taxa

47
Q

which kingdoms are obsolete?

A

monera and protista

48
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

process where genes are transferred from one genome to another through few mechanisms

49
Q

what are the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

A

exchange of transposable elements and plasmids
viral infection
fusions of organisms

BIO153 (2 decks)

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