Test 1

Question 1

morphological characteristics

Answer 1

outward appearance of organism

Question 2

molecular characteristics

Answer 2

features based on the macro molecular composition of an organism

Question 3

phylogeny

Answer 3

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 4

systematics

Answer 4

discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Question 5

what are organisms likely to share with their ancestors?

Answer 5

genes, metabolic pathways, structural proteins

Question 6

taxonomy

Answer 6

discipline concerned with naming and classifying forms of life

Question 7

genus

Answer 7

category above the species level

Question 8

what is the first part of the naming system called?

Answer 8

genus

Question 9

what is the second part of the naming system called?

Answer 9

specific epithet

Question 10

taxon

Answer 10

taxonomic unit at any level

Question 11

branch points

Answer 11

represent common ancestor

Question 12

tree topology

Answer 12

pattern of branching

Question 13

rooted tree

Answer 13

branch point within tree represents the most common recent ancestor of all taxa in tree

Question 14

basal taxon

Answer 14

lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group

Question 15

homology

Answer 15

similarity between two species due to shared ancestry

Question 16

analogy

Answer 16

similarity between two species due to convergent evolution

Question 17

convergent evolution

Answer 17

occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Question 18

molecular homoplasies

Answer 18

coincidental matches between two very different sequences

Question 19

molecular systematics

Answer 19

discipline that uses data from DNA and other molecules to determine evolutionary relationships

Question 20

cladistics

Answer 20

approach to systematics where organisms are placed into groups called clades

Question 21

clade

Answer 21

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its decendents

Question 22

when are taxon equivalent to clade?

Answer 22

when it is monophyletic

Question 23

monophyletic

Answer 23

pertains to a group of taxa that consists of common ancestor and all it’s descendants

Question 24

paraphyletic

Answer 24

consists of common ancestor and some of its descendants

Question 25

polyphyletic

Answer 25

includes no common ancestor with distantly related species

Question 26

shared ancestral character

Answer 26

a character shared by members of particular clade that originated in ancestor not part of clade

Question 27

shared derived character

Answer 27

evolutionary novelty that is unique to particular clade

Question 28

outgroup

Answer 28

species or group of species from evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before lineage

Question 29

ingroup

Answer 29

species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we want to determine

Question 30

principle of maximum parismony

Answer 30

first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

Question 31

maximum likelihood

Answer 31

identifies the tree most likely to have produced a given set of DNA data

Question 32

what are phylogenetic trees?

Answer 32

hypotheses about how various organisms are related to each other

Question 33

cladogram

Answer 33

branching diagram used to show phylogenetic relationships among organisms

Question 34

phylogram

Answer 34

phylogenetic tree where the branch lengths are proportional to amount of change seen in species characteristics

Question 35

what is used as DNA barcode

Answer 35

cytochrome oxidase I gene on mitochondrial gene

Question 36

gene families

Answer 36

groups of related genes within an organisms genome

Question 37

what are the two types of homologous genes?

Answer 37

orthologous and paralogous

Question 38

orthologous genes

Answer 38

homology is the result of a speciation event and therefore occurs between genes found in different species

Question 39

paralogous genes

Answer 39

homology results from gene duplicstion

Question 40

molecular clock

Answer 40

method for estimating time required for given amount of evolutionary change

Question 41

what are the two types of cells?

Answer 41

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Question 42

what are the 3 domains?

Answer 42

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Question 43

Bacteria

Answer 43

contains most of currently known prokaryotes

Question 44

Archaea

Answer 44

diverse group of prokaryotic organisms

Question 45

Eukarya

Answer 45

all organisms with cell containing nuclei

Question 46

polytomy

Answer 46

branch point that diverges into more than two taxa

Question 47

which kingdoms are obsolete?

Answer 47

monera and protista

Question 48

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 48

process where genes are transferred from one genome to another through few mechanisms

Question 49

what are the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 49

exchange of transposable elements and plasmids viral infection fusions of organisms