Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What axis does flexion/extension occur in?
A
X- Axis
2
Q
What axis does Internal/Ext rotation occur in?
A
Y axis
3
Q
What axis does Abd/Add take place in
A
Z axis
4
Q
What plane does flexion/extension occur in?
A
Saggital
5
Q
What plane does int/ext rotation occur in?
A
Transverse
6
Q
What plane does Add/Abd occur in?
A
Frontal Plane
7
Q
During shear force the force is _____ to the contact surfaces, and is in the ______ direction as the movement.
A
parallel
Same direction
8
Q
During friction force, the force is _____ to the contacting surfaces, and is in the _____ direction to the movement
A
Parallel
Opposite direction
9
Q
The magnitude of friction is always greatest _______ the object moves
A
Just before
10
Q
Counter clockwise torque is (Positive/Negative)
A
Positive
11
Q
Clockwise torque is _____ (Positive/negative)
A
Negative
12
Q
The bicep acts on the elbow joint as a _____ class lever
A
Third
13
Q
In a class 1 lever system, the axis is ______ the resistance force and the effort force
A
between
14
Q
In a second class lever system the ______ is between the ______ and the effort force
A
Resistance Force is between axis and axis force
15
Q
In a 3rd class lever system, the _____ in between the ____ and the axis
A
The effort force is between the resistance force and the axis
16
Q
What is the advantage of a 2nd class lever
A
Smaller EF required
but less angular displacement
17
Q
What is the advantage of a 1st and 3rd class lever
A
Larger Effort force required
but MORE angular displacement
18
Q
What is a gomphosis joint?
A
Type of fiberous joint
“peg in hole”
ex: tooth
19
Q
A syndesmosis joint is joined by a _____
A
Interosseous ligament
note: type of fiberous joint
20
Q
What is a symphysis joint?
A
Type of Cartilaginous joint
joined by fibrocartilage
ex: intervertebral discs
21
Q
What is a synchondrosis joint
A
a type of cartilaginous joint
joined by hyaline cartliage
example: ribs
22
Q
What are the two components of synovial fluid?
A
Hyaluronate - Lubrication in synovial folds
Lubricin - lubrication in cartilage on cartilage areas
23
Q
What happens to synovial fluid in an injured joint?
A
Volume of synovial fluid increases
24
Q
Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:
Hinge Joint
A
Uniaxial
25
Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:
Condyle Joint
Biaxial
26
Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:
Saddle Joint
Biaxial
27
Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:
Ball and Socket
Triaxial
28
Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:
Pivot Joint
Uniaxial
29
Uniaxial, Biaxial, or Triaxial:
Condyloid joint
biaxial
30
The radiocarpal joint is an example of a _____ joint
Condyloid joint
31
The first CMC joint is an example of a ____ joint
Saddle joint
32
An intercarpal joint is an example of what?
Plane joint
33
In open chain, the immobilizaiton of one joint segment ______ effect the motion of the other segment
Will Not
34
In Closed chain, the immobilizaiton of one joint segment ______ effect the motion of the other segment
will
35
If a convex bone moves on a concave surface, the roll and slide will happen in _____ directions
Opposite
36
If a concave bone moves on a convex surface, the roll and slide will happen in _____ direction
The same
37
speed vs velocity?
speed is displacement/time in ANY direction
velocity is displacement/time in a given direction
38
When masses of two or more segments are combined, the new COM vector is ___________ with the original two COM vectors.
between & in line with the original two COM vectors.
39
Human adult COM?
S2
40
Dynamic equilibrium
Constant velocity
(no acceleration)
41
Law of acceleration: Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced forces or torques and inversely proportional to the _________
mass or moment of inerta
42
Tensile force
Opposite pulls on the same segment/line
Parallel to the long axis
43
Shear force vs friction force?
Both are parallel to the contacting surfaces
Shear force is acting in the direction of the movement
friction is acting in the opposite direction
44
The magnitude of friction force is always greatest __________ the object moves; this results in a drop of friction once the object is moving
Just before
45
When a force moves through an objects COM it results in _______
Whereas when a force moves through an object, not at it's COM, it results in _______ and ________
Translation
Translation AND rotation
46
The greater the force or distance between two forces the greater the ____________
Torque
47
Definition of a movement arm?
The shortest perpendicular distance between forces
48
Torsional moment/force
Rotation of a force along it's long axis
49
How do you calculate mechanical advantage?
Movement arm of Effort force / Movement arm of resistance force
50
What allows for more movement, a fiberous joint OR a cartilaginous joint?
Cartilaginous
However both prioritize stability over movement
51
What does normal synovial fluid look like?
clear/pale-yellow viscous fluid
52
What are the two components of synovial fluid?
hyaluronate – viscosity of fluid and essential for lubrication; synovial folds
Lubricin – cartilage on cartilage lubrication
53
Synovial joint properties
-Hyaline cartilage
-Synovial fluid
-Joint capsule
-NO connective tissues directly unite boney surfaces
54
Synovial joint inner vs outer later
Inner layer: Lubrication, vascularity, and nutrition to cartilage
outer later: Poor vascularity but good innervation
55
Which layer of the synovial joint are sensory receptors found?
In the fiberous outer layer
56
Arthrokinematics
Roll/slide/spin
Describes movement of joint surfaces on one another
57
Loose-packed position is usually in what joint position?
Whereas closepacked is usually at...
mid-position
end range
58
What kind of endfeel does elbow flexion have?
Soft
59
What kind of end feel does knee extension have?
Firm end feel
60
What kind of endfeel does elbow extension have?
Hard end feel
61
Type 1 collagen makes up __% of collagen in body
90%
62
What are the two components of the Extracellular matrix
Fibrillar component- type 1 cartilage
interfibrillar component - Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
63
What is the purpose of Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans
Attract water to increase rigidity of extracellular matrix to withstand compressive forces
64
Ligaments and tendons are mostly type __ cartilage
one
65
Hyaline cartilage is type __ cartilage
fibrocartilage is mainly type __ cartilage
two
one
66
isotropic vs anisotropic material
display the same mechanical behavior no matter the direction of force applied
vs
behave differently depending on the size and direction of applied force
67
Stress definition
load (force) per unit area that develops on a plane surface within a structure in response to externally applied loads
68
stiffness has what kind of relationship with compliance?
Inverse
69
Brittle vs ductile
= little deformation before failure (ex. Glass)
=great deformation before failure (ex. Soft metals)
70
What is Young’s Modulus
measurement of structure’s ability to withstand changes in length
Longitudinal stress divided by the strain
71
Strain-Rate Sensitivity
tissue response varies based on load speed
If load is applied rapidly, tissue is stiffer. Thus larger force required to deform tissue.
72
Creep definition
Tissue deforms gradually if strain continues on object
73
Ligament vs tendon differences
Tendons Tendons exhibit creep with loading.
ligaments are similar to tendons but are less resistant to tensile stress
(Better with multiple directions though due to varying orientation of fibers)
74
Cartilage response to exercise
Response to increased physiological loading is largely unknown
75
Ligament response to exercise
Exercise may speed up process of ligament repair, but need more evidence
76
For muscles and joints, stability is greatest in ___-packed position
closepacked
77
Active Muscle Tension is affected by:
The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit
The diameter of the axon innervating a motor unit
The number of motor units that are firing at any one time
The frequency of motor unit(s) firing
#of muscle fibers
Diameter of axon
number of motor units
frequency of firing
78
Type IIA vs Type IIB muscle fibers
Type IIA (fast oxidative glycolytic) – intermediate
Type IIB (fast glycolytic)
79
True or false: Muscles with larger cross sections will produce more tension
True
80
True or false: Amount a muscle fiber can shorten or lengthen is dependent upon the number of sarcomeres
True
81
Amount of force of a muscle is directly proportional to number of ______
Sarcomeres side by side in the cross section
82
Epimysium surrounds ____
Perimysium surrounds ____
Endomysium surrounds _____
Muscles
bundle of muscle fibers
Individual muscle fibers
83
Active Insufficiency: Decreased force capability due to __________________
shortened state of agonist
Example: muscle has 2 actions, it's already doing 1, so now it sucks at the other
84
What produces more force, concentric or eccentric
eccentric
85
Passive insufficiency: ___________ is not long enough to permit full ROM of all joints
Antagonist
86
Immobilizing a muscle in a shortened position causes a decrease in _____
Sarcomeres
Note: but an increase in sarcomere length
87
Immobilizing a muscle in a long position will increase the number of __________ but ______________
Sarcomeres
decrease the Length
88
How many intervertebral discs are there?
23
89
Where is spondylosis most common?
L5-S1
90
What is considered the roof of the vertebrae which transfers force through pars interarticularis
Lamina
91
The nuculus pulposus is __% water whereas the annulus fibrosus is __% water
80%
60%
92
What kind of arthrokinematics happen at ZPJ?
Gliding/sliding
93
The anterior longitudinal ligament resists ______
extension
94
The posterior longitudinal ligament, and the ligamentum flavum resist ______
Flexion
Note: same as the interspinous ligament and superspinous ligament
95
what ligament resists lateral flexion in the spine?
intertransverse ligament
96
the alar ligament resists _______
rotation
97
the facet/ZPJ resist....
foward flexion and ROTATION
98
during spinal flexion, the superior facet joint slides ____
up
Note: during extension it slides down
99
During upper cervical flexion, the joint rolls ______ and slides _______
anteriorly and slides posteriorly
100
during upper cervical extension the joint has a _____ roll and a _______ slide
Posterior roll and anterior slide
101
The AA joint handles __% of cervical rotation
50%
102
In the upper cervical spine, lateral flexion and rotation are coupled ______
contralaterally
103
In the lower cervical spine, flexion happens with an _____ tilt and ____ slide
anterior/anterior
note: extension would cause a posterior tilt and slide
104
Where in the cervical spine can you find the greatest range of flex/ext
C5/C6
Note: also takes the highest mechanical load
105
In the lower cervical spine, side flexion causes (ipsilateral or contralateral) tilting and sliding
Ipsilateral
106
During R lower cervical sidebending you'd see a __slide of the R ZAJ, and a __slide of the L ZAJ
Downslide of R (ipsilateral)
and Upslide of L (contralateral)
107
The Thoracic vertebrae body is naturally kyphotic, meaning the posterior portion is _____ than the anterior portion
Taller
108
The thoracic facet joints are 20 degrees off the frontal plate, in order to help with what two movements?
Increased lateral flexion and side bending.
109
During thoracic rotation the ipsilateral rib shifts _____ and becomes ____ concave
Posterior and becomes more concave
Note: contralateral rib shifts anterior and becomes less concave
110
In the thoracic vertebrae, lateral rotation is coupled with __________
axial flexion
Note: more in the upper than the lower thoracic
111
In the lumbar during flexion/extension the tilt and slide happen ___________
Ipsilaterally
112
The lumbar intravertebral joints take 80% of compression forces, while the ZAJ takes 20%, however ______ can increase this ratio (ZAJ takes more load)
Lordosis
113
At the lumbar, walking can produce _____ the bodies weight ( in compression)
Twice
114
Sacrum: Counternutation vs nutaton
Nutation: sacral base rotates anteriorly on fixed innominates
counternutation: Sacral base rotates posteriorly
115
116
117
