Test 1 Flashcards
What is Geriatrics?
the branch of medicine, which treats all problems peculiar to old age and the aging.
Aging is…
a process of gradual and spontaneous change, resulting in maturation through childhood, puberty, young adulthood and then decline through the middle and late life.
What is senescence
the process/condition of growing old, & ultimately leads to incompatibility w/ life and terminates in death.
Gerontology is…
the scientific study of problems of aging in all aspects, clinical, biological, historical and sociological.
Ederly (young-old) fall into what age range?
65-75
Old fall between the ages of…
76-90
Very old (old old) involves what age range?
over 90
What is life span?
the length of longest-lived member of a species.
What is life expectancy?
the length of time an average particular individual can expect to live, depending on his/her current age.
What is Hayflick’s limit/phenomenon?
cells lose their ability to divide over time. this is a limit to cellular replicative capacity. This limit appears to be 50 cell divisions.
What is apoptosis?
another way for cells to die. it appears to be a highly regulated orderly process by which cells commit suicide and is usually triggered by a physiologic signal.
what is programmed endpoint theory (Cellular duplication theory)?
Predetermined end, cells age and dies. Hayflick’s limit.
What is Somatic-mutations theory?
age causes mutations in cells which leads to young cells stopping duplication.
What is Free-Radical Theory?
Aging results from the random damage to the cells by highly reactive molecules called free radicals.
What is wear and tear theory?
cells and thus individuals wear out from continued use.
The fastest growing segment of the population is the?
“old-old” (those over 90)
What 2 main events are responsible for the population as a whole aging?
An increase in life expectancy and the aging of the population known as “baby-boomers” (those born after WWII from 1945-1966)
Women typically outlive men by how many years?
7
By age ___the ratio of men to women is
even
What is the dependency ratio?
the ratio of the number of persons in economically dependent segments of the population to the number of persons in economically productive segments of the population.
African Americans currently live on average how many years less than their white counter parts?
5-6 years
which group has the shortest life expectancy?
Native Americans
What age does social security kick in?
67
when can you join AARP?
50
When do senior discounts start?
55-60
What age does Age Discrimination begin?
40
What percentage of Americans over 65 are still in the workforce?
9%
What year did FDR sign the Social Security Act?
1935
T/F: SS was designed to be a major source of retirement income.
False
What are the top 10 longevity treatments for older persons (aging successfully)?
Exercise, Don’t smoke, Five servings of fruits and veggies per day, vaccinations, drink 1-2 glasses of alcohol per day, get more than 3,000 units of Vit D, maintain systolic BP b/t 130-160 mmHg, avoid polypharmacy, eat fatty fish twice/week, fish oil or statin drugs for secondary prevention of CVD
What is the goal of the physician?
to keep the elderly person functioning independently preserve lifestyles and self-respspect as long as possible
_______ is the most important thing to slow down aging and frailty.
Movement
The most important part of good communication is __________ and allowing the patient to express themselves
Good listening
What is the acronym to use when asking patients questions regarding pain?
LO DR FICARA
What are the leading causes of Morbidity among the elderly?
Arthritis, hypertension, haring probe, heart disease, cataracts, orthopedic probe, chronic sinusitis, diabetes, visual probe, varicose veins
What are the leading causes of Mortality (death) among the elderly?
heart disease, cancer, CVA’s, respiratory probe, adverse drug reactions, accidents, diabetes, suicide, liver dz
What are some s/s associated with cancer?
Cachexia(unwanted loss of weight, appetite, fatigue, weakness, muscle), night pain
The national osteoporosis foundation presently recommends _______ mg of bit d per day to combat chronic illness?
800-1000
Men tend to store fat in their _______ and this is called ___________.
upper, android obesity/apple shaped
women tend to store fat in their ________ and this is called __________.
Lower body, gynoid type or pear shaped
What are the ideal waist/hip ratios for men and women?
Men=at or less than 0.9
Women= at or less than 0.85
5 major risk factors for abuse are…
STRESS ALCOHOLISM VIOLENCE EMOTIONS DEPENDENCY (SAVED)
Risk factors and clues for the possibility of neglect include….
NEGLECTABUSE
What are the 5 I’s?
- Intellectual Impairment
- Incontinence
- Instability
- Immobility
- Iatrogenic drug reactions
40% of all hospital revenue comes from?
Medicare
Medicare is for ______ only
symptom relief
What is Part A of medicare
Hospital insurance
What does part A cover?
inpatient hospital care, IP care in a skilled nursing facility, home care, hospice care, and custodial care if Rx’d
What is part B of medicare
Supplementary medical insurance
What does part B cover
outpatient hospital care (emergency department care, outpatient surgery) with certain restrictions (what Medicare considers Medically Necessary).
What is part C of medicare?
Alternative programs
what does part C cover?
- AKA: Medicare + Choice - offers several alternatives to the traditional fee-for-service programs, such as Medicare managed care organization (HMO’s, PPO’s).
- This is through Coventry, United Health Care, Advantage, and many more insurance companies.
- There is now a Medicare Part D which is for additional “drug” coverage and will pay for certain medications that Medicare will not pay for.
What is Medicade, who funds it?
pays for health services for certain categories of the poor. funded by a federal/state partnership. Federal government pays b/t 50-83% of payments
Hypertension may be distinguished from pseudo hypertension (due to non-elastic atherosclerotic arteries) by performing ___________
Osler’s Maneuver
Describe Osler’s Maneuver
inflate the BP cuff above the systolic pressure. Check the radial pulse. The pulse should be absent. If the pulse is still felt, the intra-arterial pressure may be lower than the BP (auscultation) which may indicate that there is sufficient arteriosclerosis to produce some degree of pseudo hypertension
what is presbyopia?
inability to focus on near objects
what is proptosis
bulging or prominence of eye
what is presbycusis?
gradual, progressive hearing loss
What is Hyposmia?
decrease in smell d/t age
What does AGAIN IVE FALLEN mean?
any previous falls, gait/balance, ADL impairment, impaired cognition, number and type of meds
illness, vestibular fxn, eyes/ears
Feet, alcohol, leg weakness, low bp, environment, neurological
What are some clinical balance tests?
Romberg test 1 leg stand get up and go four squares test walk while talking test sternal nudge test five chair-stands test
