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Human Body > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Studies the structure of the body

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Describes how the body functions

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment (staying the same)

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4
Q

What are the levels of organisms?

A

-Tiny atoms to molecules to larger molecules to cells to tissues to organs to groups of organs to organ systems

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5
Q

What are the 12 major organ systems?

A
  1. Integumentary system.
  2. The skeletal system.
  3. The muscular system.
  4. The nervous system.
  5. The endocrine system.
  6. The circulatory system.
  7. The lymphatic system.
  8. The immune system.
  9. The respiratory
  10. The digestive
  11. The urinary system.
  12. The reproductive system.
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6
Q

What is included in the integumentary system and what’s its function?

A

Skin, hair, nails,

Covering for body, regulate body term, contains some structures for sensation

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7
Q

What is included in the skeletal system, and its function

A

Framework of the body, bones, joints, Cartlidge

Protects and supports the body organs, let’s us move around, has bone marrow, which produces most blood cells

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8
Q

What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?

A
  1. Skeletal.
  2. Cardiac muscles.
  3. Smooth muscles.
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9
Q

Where are skeletal muscles found and what do they do?

A

They are attached to bones, and they are responsible for movement and maintenance of posture

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10
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found and what do they do?

A

They are found in the heart and the pump blood throughout the body

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11
Q

Where are smooth muscles found and what do they do

A

They are found in various organs and tubes and the contract and relax muscles to help move body fluid

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12
Q

What consists of the nervous system?

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

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13
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

For sensory nerves to obtain information and bring it to the brain and spinal cord, where it gets interpreted. What the brain and spinal cord decides gets transmitted a long motor nerves to get responses such as leg movement

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14
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Heart, blood, blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

To pump and transport blood throughout the body does blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, and carries cell waste away

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16
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

Glands that secrete, hormones and chemical substances, that regulate body activities, like growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water balance

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17
Q

What consists of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, other lymphatic organs

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18
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Play an important role in fluid balance and defence against pathogens and other foreign material

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19
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Is the defence system that protects the body from pathogens, allergens, pollens, bee, venom, our own selves I have gone bad, (cancer cells)

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20
Q

Where is the immune system found?

A

Throughout the whole body

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21
Q

What does the respiratory system contain?

A

Lungs and other structures that conduct air to and from lungs

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22
Q

What does a respiratory system do?

A

Moves air into the lungs, picked up by blood and is distributed throughout the body and then exhale carbon dioxide which rids the body of waste.
plays a key role in acid balance

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23
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Ingest food, break it down into substances that can be absorbed by the body. Food that is not absorbed is waste, and then excreted

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24
Q

What organs make up your digestive system?

A

Most, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, anus

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25
Q

What does the urinary system contain?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder

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26
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

Excrete waste through urine, helps control, water, electrolytes, and acid base balance

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27
Q

What does a reproductive system do?

A

Enables humans to reproduce

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28
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The body is standing erect with the face forward, arms at the sides, toes and palms of hands directed forward

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29
Q

What is superior

A

Apart is above another part, or is closer to the head

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30
Q

What is inferior?

A

Apart is below another part or is closer to the feet

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31
Q

What is anterior/ventral

A

Towards the front (surface)

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32
Q

What is posterior/dorsal

A

Towards the back surface

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33
Q

What is medial?

A

Towards the midline of the body

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34
Q

What is lateral?

A

Away from the midline of the body

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35
Q

What is the midline?

A

If the body was divided into right and left half

Imagine a line drawn throughout the middle of the body

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36
Q

What is proximal?

A

Nearer to the point of attachment, often the trunk of the body

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37
Q

What is distal?

A

A part is farther away from the point of attachment, then another part

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38
Q

What is superficial?

A

Located on, or near the surface of the body

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39
Q

What is deep?

A

Body part is away from the surface of the body

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40
Q

What is central

A

Located in the centre

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41
Q

What is peripheral?

A

Away from the centre

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42
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body length, wise into right, and left portions

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43
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior positions. Front and back part of the body.

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44
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Divides the body horizontally. Upper and lower body.

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45
Q

What is the abdominal?

A

Anterior trunk just below the ribs

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46
Q

What is the antecubital?

A

Area in front of the elbow

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47
Q

What is the axillary

A

Armpit

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48
Q

What is the buccal

A

Cheek area, cavity between the gum and cheek

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49
Q

What is another word for brachial?

A

Arm

50
Q

What is another word for Cephalic

A

Head

51
Q

Where is the cervical located?

A

Neck region

52
Q

What is cranial?

A

Nearer to the head

53
Q

What are digital?

A

Fingers and toes

54
Q

Where is femoral

A

Thigh area

55
Q

What is flank

A

Fleshy area along each side between the lower ribs on the top of hip bones

56
Q

Where is the inguinal

A

Area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body (groin)

57
Q

What is another word for oral?

A

Mouth

58
Q

Where is the orbital?

A

Around the eye

59
Q

Where is the patellar?

A

Front of me over the knee cap

60
Q

What is the pedal?

A

The foot

61
Q

What is another word for plantar?

A

Sole of foot

62
Q

Where is the pubic located?

A

Genital area

63
Q

Where is the sternal?

A

Middle of chest

64
Q

What is the umbilical?

A

The Naval

65
Q

Where is the caudal?

A

Near the tail bone

66
Q

What is the deltoid?

A

Rounded Area of shoulder

67
Q

What is another word for gluteal?

A

Buttocks

68
Q

Where is the lumbar?

A

Between the ribs and hips

69
Q

Where is the occipital located?

A

Back of head

70
Q

Where is the popliteal located?

A

Behind or back of knee area

71
Q

What is a scapular?

A

Shoulder blade area

72
Q

Where is the dorsal cavity located?

A

Located at the back of the body

73
Q

What are the two divisions of the dorsal cavity?

A
  1. Cranial cavity.
  2. Spinal cavity.
74
Q

Where is the cranial cavity and what does it contain?

A

Within the skull and contains the brain

75
Q

Where is the spinal cavity and what does it contain?

A

Extends downward from the cranial cavity, is surrounded by boney vertebrae, contains a spinal cord

76
Q

Where is the ventral cavity?

A

Towards the front of the body

77
Q

What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?

A
  1. Thoracic cavity.
  2. Abdominal pelvic cavity.
78
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity and what is it surrounded by?

A

It is above the diaphragm and surrounded by rib cage

79
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided into two compartments. What are they?

A
  1. Mediastinum.
  2. Pericardial cavity.
80
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

Heart, thymus gland, parts of esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels

81
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain?

A

Within the mediastinum. It contains heart, right and left lungs

82
Q

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Below the diaphragm. The upper portion is in the abdominal cavity. And the lower portion is in the pelvic cavity.

83
Q

What is the upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A

Stomach, liver, most of the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys

84
Q

What does a lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A

It extends down to the hips and contains the rest of the intestines, rectum, bladder, internal parts of the reproductive system

85
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants. What are their names

A
  1. Right upper quadrant. (RUQ)
  2. Left upper quadrant. (LUQ)
  3. Right lower quadrant. (RLQ)
  4. Left lower quadrant. (LLQ)
86
Q

What are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Right hypochondriac region (right top)
  2. Epigastric region (middle top)
  3. Left hypochondriac region (left top)
  4. Right lumbar region (right middle)
  5. Umbilical region. (Middle middle)
  6. Left lumbar region. (Left middle)
  7. Right iliac region. (Right lower)
  8. Hypogastric region (middle lower)
  9. Left iliac region. (Left lower)
87
Q

What do active transport include?

A

Active transport, palms, endocytosis, exocytosis,

88
Q

What does active transport require?

A

-An input of energy (ATP) to achieve its goal
-The ability to Pump substances so additional substances in the cell can be moved to a low area of concentration to make room for new.

89
Q

What does endocytosis involve?

A

Involves the intake of food or liquid by cell membrane. The particle is surrounded by cell membrane, which ingulfs it and takes it into the cell.

90
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Solid particle

91
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Water droplet

92
Q

What does exocytosis do?

A

Move substances out of the cell. This requires input of ATP.

93
Q

What is included and passive transport

A

Diffusion, facilitated, diffusion, osmosis, filtration

94
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

95
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Responsible for the transport of many substances
  • Moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration by a molecule within the membrane.
  • The helper molecule increases the rate of diffusion

The molecule moves from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration with help by a carrier

96
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable, or semi permeable membrane, which allows the passage of some substances, while restricting the passage of others
- Water diffuses from an area with more water to one with the less and the dissolved substances do not move

97
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

The sequence of events that the cell goes through from one mitotic division to the next

98
Q

What are the two stages of the phases of cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase.
  2. Mitosis
99
Q

What happens during the interphase?

A

The cell continues normally, and gets ready for mitosis through growth and DNA replication. Interphase is divided into three phases.

100
Q

What are the three phases of interphase?

A
  1. First gap phase (G1)
  2. Phase S
  3. Second gap phase. (G2)
101
Q

What happens in the first gap phase (G1)

A

The cell carries on normally and starts to make DNA and other substances needed for cell division

102
Q

What happens during phase S

A

The cell duplicates it’s chromosomes to make enough DNA for two identical cells

103
Q

What happens during the second gap phase (G2)

A

Final phase for mitosis. Includes the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins needed for mitosis. At the end of this stage, the cells enter the mitotic phase. .

104
Q

What happens during the mitotic (M) phase?

A

The cell divides into two cells in a way that the nuclei of those cells contain identical, genetic information

105
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase.
  2. Metaphase.
  3. Anaphase.
  4. Telophase.
106
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

-The chromosomes coil, and become visible under a microscope
- each pair of chroma zone is composed of two identical strands of DNA called chromatids, chromatids are attached to centromere, at the same time, two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles of the nucleus, later in this phase, the nuclear membrane disappears

107
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A

The chromatids are aligned in a narrow central zone, spindle, fibers, connect to chromatids and centrioles

108
Q

When does the anaphase begin?

A

When the centromere splits in the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

109
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Each new cell reverse to the interphase state, the nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, the chromatin strands reappear

110
Q

What marks the end of mitosis?

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

111
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

It begins in late anaphase and is the pinching of the cell membrane to split the cytoplasm into two cells

112
Q

What happens to cells as you age?

A
  • Cells become larger and the ability to divide and reproduce decreases
  • chromosomes in the nucleus, change, causing clumping, shrinkage, fragmentation
  • Mitochondria and lysosomes reduce numbers
  • Cells function less of a
113
Q

What happens to tissue as you age? If

A
  • tissue weakens
  • sagging occurs
  • affect organ function
  • Decreased lung capacity
  • decreased muscle strength
  • Decreased kidney function
  • Collagen and elastin decrease, tissue becomes stiffer, less elastic, and less efficient and function
  • Lipid and fat content of tissues change
  • Water in body decreases
  • Tissue atrophy causes a decrease in the mass of most organs
114
Q

What happens to your skin as you age?

A
  • thinning of the epidermis which results in Centre antmore translucent skin
  • Decrease protection from UV light
  • More risk to sunburn skin cancer
  • Brown spots or age spots
  • More fragile skin and more wrinkles
  • Skin heals slowly
  • Skin is more subceptible to to small haemorrhages in pressure ulcers
  • drugs that are administered subcutaneously are absorbed more slowly
  • Lower ability to maintain body temperature (feel more cold)
  • dry, coarse, itchy skin
  • decreased ability to regulate body temperature
  • Hair becomes lighter in colour, thinner
  • Nails can become dull, brittle, hard, thick
  • Nail growth is slow
115
Q

Order, disorder, and death of cells

What happens if too many cells are produced

A

Form on malignant or benign, lump or tumour

116
Q

What does cancer mean?

A

Crab because it sends out Clawlike extensions and invade surrounding tissue

117
Q

Can cancer spread

A

Cancer can spread to other cells throughout the body and other sites in the body

118
Q

What is metastatic cancer?

A

Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and likely causes death

119
Q

What is a apoptosis

A

Cell suicide, helps rid the body of old unneeded and unhealthy cells

120
Q

Example of cells getting injured and die or necrose

A

Deprived of oxygen for too long

Positioned

Damaged by bacterial toxins

Suffer from radiation

Human Body (1 decks)

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