Test 1 Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Studies the structure of the body
What is physiology?
Describes how the body functions
What is homeostasis?
The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing environment (staying the same)
What are the levels of organisms?
-Tiny atoms to molecules to larger molecules to cells to tissues to organs to groups of organs to organ systems
What are the 12 major organ systems?
- Integumentary system.
- The skeletal system.
- The muscular system.
- The nervous system.
- The endocrine system.
- The circulatory system.
- The lymphatic system.
- The immune system.
- The respiratory
- The digestive
- The urinary system.
- The reproductive system.
What is included in the integumentary system and what’s its function?
Skin, hair, nails,
Covering for body, regulate body term, contains some structures for sensation
What is included in the skeletal system, and its function
Framework of the body, bones, joints, Cartlidge
Protects and supports the body organs, let’s us move around, has bone marrow, which produces most blood cells
What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?
- Skeletal.
- Cardiac muscles.
- Smooth muscles.
Where are skeletal muscles found and what do they do?
They are attached to bones, and they are responsible for movement and maintenance of posture
Where are cardiac muscles found and what do they do?
They are found in the heart and the pump blood throughout the body
Where are smooth muscles found and what do they do
They are found in various organs and tubes and the contract and relax muscles to help move body fluid
What consists of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
What is the function of the nervous system?
For sensory nerves to obtain information and bring it to the brain and spinal cord, where it gets interpreted. What the brain and spinal cord decides gets transmitted a long motor nerves to get responses such as leg movement
What does the endocrine system consist of?
Heart, blood, blood vessels
What is the function of the endocrine system?
To pump and transport blood throughout the body does blood carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, and carries cell waste away
What does the circulatory system do?
Glands that secrete, hormones and chemical substances, that regulate body activities, like growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water balance
What consists of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, other lymphatic organs
What does the lymphatic system do?
Play an important role in fluid balance and defence against pathogens and other foreign material
What does the immune system do?
Is the defence system that protects the body from pathogens, allergens, pollens, bee, venom, our own selves I have gone bad, (cancer cells)
Where is the immune system found?
Throughout the whole body
What does the respiratory system contain?
Lungs and other structures that conduct air to and from lungs
What does a respiratory system do?
Moves air into the lungs, picked up by blood and is distributed throughout the body and then exhale carbon dioxide which rids the body of waste.
plays a key role in acid balance
What does the digestive system do?
Ingest food, break it down into substances that can be absorbed by the body. Food that is not absorbed is waste, and then excreted
What organs make up your digestive system?
Most, esophagus, stomach, small, intestine, large intestine, anus
What does the urinary system contain?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
What does the urinary system do?
Excrete waste through urine, helps control, water, electrolytes, and acid base balance
What does a reproductive system do?
Enables humans to reproduce
What is the anatomical position?
The body is standing erect with the face forward, arms at the sides, toes and palms of hands directed forward
What is superior
Apart is above another part, or is closer to the head
What is inferior?
Apart is below another part or is closer to the feet
What is anterior/ventral
Towards the front (surface)
What is posterior/dorsal
Towards the back surface
What is medial?
Towards the midline of the body
What is lateral?
Away from the midline of the body
What is the midline?
If the body was divided into right and left half
Imagine a line drawn throughout the middle of the body
What is proximal?
Nearer to the point of attachment, often the trunk of the body
What is distal?
A part is farther away from the point of attachment, then another part
What is superficial?
Located on, or near the surface of the body
What is deep?
Body part is away from the surface of the body
What is central
Located in the centre
What is peripheral?
Away from the centre
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body length, wise into right, and left portions
What is the frontal plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior positions. Front and back part of the body.
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body horizontally. Upper and lower body.
What is the abdominal?
Anterior trunk just below the ribs
What is the antecubital?
Area in front of the elbow
What is the axillary
Armpit
What is the buccal
Cheek area, cavity between the gum and cheek
What is another word for brachial?
Arm
What is another word for Cephalic
Head
Where is the cervical located?
Neck region
What is cranial?
Nearer to the head
What are digital?
Fingers and toes
Where is femoral
Thigh area
What is flank
Fleshy area along each side between the lower ribs on the top of hip bones
Where is the inguinal
Area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body (groin)
What is another word for oral?
Mouth
Where is the orbital?
Around the eye
Where is the patellar?
Front of me over the knee cap
What is the pedal?
The foot
What is another word for plantar?
Sole of foot
Where is the pubic located?
Genital area
Where is the sternal?
Middle of chest
What is the umbilical?
The Naval
Where is the caudal?
Near the tail bone
What is the deltoid?
Rounded Area of shoulder
What is another word for gluteal?
Buttocks
Where is the lumbar?
Between the ribs and hips
Where is the occipital located?
Back of head
Where is the popliteal located?
Behind or back of knee area
What is a scapular?
Shoulder blade area
Where is the dorsal cavity located?
Located at the back of the body
What are the two divisions of the dorsal cavity?
- Cranial cavity.
- Spinal cavity.
Where is the cranial cavity and what does it contain?
Within the skull and contains the brain
Where is the spinal cavity and what does it contain?
Extends downward from the cranial cavity, is surrounded by boney vertebrae, contains a spinal cord
Where is the ventral cavity?
Towards the front of the body
What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?
- Thoracic cavity.
- Abdominal pelvic cavity.
Where is the thoracic cavity and what is it surrounded by?
It is above the diaphragm and surrounded by rib cage
The thoracic cavity is divided into two compartments. What are they?
- Mediastinum.
- Pericardial cavity.
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart, thymus gland, parts of esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels
Where is the pericardial cavity and what does it contain?
Within the mediastinum. It contains heart, right and left lungs
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity?
Below the diaphragm. The upper portion is in the abdominal cavity. And the lower portion is in the pelvic cavity.
What is the upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Stomach, liver, most of the intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys
What does a lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
It extends down to the hips and contains the rest of the intestines, rectum, bladder, internal parts of the reproductive system
The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants. What are their names
- Right upper quadrant. (RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant. (LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant. (RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant. (LLQ)
What are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
- Right hypochondriac region (right top)
- Epigastric region (middle top)
- Left hypochondriac region (left top)
- Right lumbar region (right middle)
- Umbilical region. (Middle middle)
- Left lumbar region. (Left middle)
- Right iliac region. (Right lower)
- Hypogastric region (middle lower)
- Left iliac region. (Left lower)
What do active transport include?
Active transport, palms, endocytosis, exocytosis,
What does active transport require?
-An input of energy (ATP) to achieve its goal
-The ability to Pump substances so additional substances in the cell can be moved to a low area of concentration to make room for new.
What does endocytosis involve?
Involves the intake of food or liquid by cell membrane. The particle is surrounded by cell membrane, which ingulfs it and takes it into the cell.
What is phagocytosis?
Solid particle
What is pinocytosis?
Water droplet
What does exocytosis do?
Move substances out of the cell. This requires input of ATP.
What is included and passive transport
Diffusion, facilitated, diffusion, osmosis, filtration
What is diffusion?
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is facilitated diffusion?
- Responsible for the transport of many substances
- Moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration by a molecule within the membrane.
- The helper molecule increases the rate of diffusion
The molecule moves from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration with help by a carrier
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable, or semi permeable membrane, which allows the passage of some substances, while restricting the passage of others
- Water diffuses from an area with more water to one with the less and the dissolved substances do not move
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
The sequence of events that the cell goes through from one mitotic division to the next
What are the two stages of the phases of cell cycle?
- Interphase.
- Mitosis
What happens during the interphase?
The cell continues normally, and gets ready for mitosis through growth and DNA replication. Interphase is divided into three phases.
What are the three phases of interphase?
- First gap phase (G1)
- Phase S
- Second gap phase. (G2)
What happens in the first gap phase (G1)
The cell carries on normally and starts to make DNA and other substances needed for cell division
What happens during phase S
The cell duplicates it’s chromosomes to make enough DNA for two identical cells
What happens during the second gap phase (G2)
Final phase for mitosis. Includes the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins needed for mitosis. At the end of this stage, the cells enter the mitotic phase. .
What happens during the mitotic (M) phase?
The cell divides into two cells in a way that the nuclei of those cells contain identical, genetic information
What are the four phases of mitosis?
- Prophase.
- Metaphase.
- Anaphase.
- Telophase.
What happens during prophase?
-The chromosomes coil, and become visible under a microscope
- each pair of chroma zone is composed of two identical strands of DNA called chromatids, chromatids are attached to centromere, at the same time, two pairs of centrioles move to opposite poles of the nucleus, later in this phase, the nuclear membrane disappears
What happens during the metaphase?
The chromatids are aligned in a narrow central zone, spindle, fibers, connect to chromatids and centrioles
When does the anaphase begin?
When the centromere splits in the chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
What happens during telophase?
Each new cell reverse to the interphase state, the nuclear membrane reforms, the chromosomes uncoil, the chromatin strands reappear
What marks the end of mitosis?
Telophase and cytokinesis
What is cytokinesis?
It begins in late anaphase and is the pinching of the cell membrane to split the cytoplasm into two cells
What happens to cells as you age?
- Cells become larger and the ability to divide and reproduce decreases
- chromosomes in the nucleus, change, causing clumping, shrinkage, fragmentation
- Mitochondria and lysosomes reduce numbers
- Cells function less of a
What happens to tissue as you age? If
- tissue weakens
- sagging occurs
- affect organ function
- Decreased lung capacity
- decreased muscle strength
- Decreased kidney function
- Collagen and elastin decrease, tissue becomes stiffer, less elastic, and less efficient and function
- Lipid and fat content of tissues change
- Water in body decreases
- Tissue atrophy causes a decrease in the mass of most organs
What happens to your skin as you age?
- thinning of the epidermis which results in Centre antmore translucent skin
- Decrease protection from UV light
- More risk to sunburn skin cancer
- Brown spots or age spots
- More fragile skin and more wrinkles
- Skin heals slowly
- Skin is more subceptible to to small haemorrhages in pressure ulcers
- drugs that are administered subcutaneously are absorbed more slowly
- Lower ability to maintain body temperature (feel more cold)
- dry, coarse, itchy skin
- decreased ability to regulate body temperature
- Hair becomes lighter in colour, thinner
- Nails can become dull, brittle, hard, thick
- Nail growth is slow
Order, disorder, and death of cells
What happens if too many cells are produced
Form on malignant or benign, lump or tumour
What does cancer mean?
Crab because it sends out Clawlike extensions and invade surrounding tissue
Can cancer spread
Cancer can spread to other cells throughout the body and other sites in the body
What is metastatic cancer?
Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and likely causes death
What is a apoptosis
Cell suicide, helps rid the body of old unneeded and unhealthy cells
Example of cells getting injured and die or necrose
Deprived of oxygen for too long
Positioned
Damaged by bacterial toxins
Suffer from radiation
