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Biology 142 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The formation of offspring that are genetically distinct from their parents

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2
Q

Among most eukaryotes, sexual reproduction consists of what two processes?

A

Meiosis produces haploid gametes and fertilization produces diploid zygotes from the gametes

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3
Q

Sex refers to what?

A

Sexual phenotype

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4
Q

What is the fundamental difference between males and females?

A

males produce small gametes and females produce relatively large gametes

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5
Q

What is sex determination?

A

The mechanism by which biological sex is established

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6
Q

How to define the sex of an individual organism reference?

A

phenotype

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7
Q

What is gender?

A

It is a category assigned by the individual or others based on behavior and cultural practices

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8
Q

What is hermaphroditism?

A

Both sexes are present in the same organism

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9
Q

What is monoecious?

A

Species in which an individual organism has either male or female reproductive structures

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10
Q

Among dioecious species, how sex can be determined?

A

Chromosomally, genetically, or environmentally

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11
Q

What is the Chromosome theory of heredity?

A

It states that genes are located on chromosomes which serve as vehicles for the segregation of genes in meiosis

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12
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes differ between males and females

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13
Q

What is autosomes?

A

Nonsex chromosomes, which are the same for males and females

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14
Q

What is responsible for the sexual phenotypes?

A

Genes located on sex chromosomes in conjunction with genes located on autosomes

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15
Q

What occurs in the XX-XO systems?

A

Females have XX and Males have XO

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16
Q

What does O chromosomes mean?

A

The letter O signifies the absence of a sex chromosome

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17
Q

What occurs in meiosis with the XX-XO system?

A

From the females, one X chromosome enters the haploid egg. From the males, a single X chromosome segregates in meiosis and the other half receives no chromosomes.

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18
Q

What is heterogametic sex?

A

It is a sex produces two different types of gametes with respect to the sex chromosomes

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19
Q

What is homogametic sex?

A

It is a sex that produces the same gametes

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20
Q

In the XX-XO system, how is the sex of an individual determined?

A

It determines which type of male gamete fertilizes the egg.

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21
Q

In humans, the Y chromosomes are considered what?

A

acrocentric (not-Y-shaped)

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22
Q

The X and Y chromosomes are homology only where?

A

pseudoautosomal regions

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23
Q

Why is the pseudoautosomal region essential?

A

For X-Y chromosome pairing in meiosis in the male

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24
Q

True or False: X and Y chromosomes are generally homologous

A

They are not generally homology but they do pair and segregate in different cells in meiosis

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25
Q

What occurs in ZZ-ZW sex-determining system?

A

Females have ZW and males have ZZ

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26
Q

What is genic sex determination?

A

Genotypes of one or more loci determine the sex of an individual

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27
Q

What is sex determined by?

A

individual genes

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28
Q

In both genic sex determination and chromosomal sex determination, sex is controlled by what?

A

individual genes

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29
Q

What is sequential hermaphroditism?

A

Each individual animal can be both male and female but not at the same time

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30
Q

What are examples of XX-XO systems?

A

Grasshoppers and some insects

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31
Q

What are examples of XX-XY systems?

A

Insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals

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32
Q

What are examples of ZZ-ZW systems?

A

Butterflies, birds, some reptiles and amphibians

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33
Q

What are examples of genic sex determination?

A

plants, fungi, protozoans, and fishes

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34
Q

What are examples of environmental sex determination?

A

invertebrates, turtles, and alligators

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35
Q

How else sexual phenotype can be determined by?
Hint: Fruit Flyes

A

X chromosomes to Autosomes chromosomes

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36
Q

X:A is 1.0 sexual phenotype?

A

Female

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37
Q

X:A is 0.5 sexual phenotype?

A

Male

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38
Q

X:A is less than 0.5 sexual phenotypes?

A

Metamale

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39
Q

X:A is more than 1.0 sexual phenotypes?

A

Metafemale

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40
Q

The male is primarily determined by the presence of what?

A

SRY genes

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41
Q

What is Turner syndrome?

A

Females that have underdeveloped second-sex characteristics. They have some XO chromosomes

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42
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

People have cells with one or more Y chromosomes and multiple X chromosomes

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43
Q

What is triple X syndrome?

A

Females process XXX chromosomes

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44
Q

What sex chromosomes contain genetic information essential for both sexes?

A

X chromosomes

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45
Q

What is a male-determining gene usually locating on which chromosomes?

A

Y chromosomes

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46
Q

Additional copies of the X chromosomes may lead to what in both males and females?

A

Disabilities

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47
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

when chromosomes fail to separate in anaphase I in meiosis

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48
Q

Z linked is same as X linked by what is the difference?

A

sex role are reverse

49
Q

What chromosomes do females have?

A

two copies of X Chromosome and two copies of each autosomes

50
Q

What is dosage compensation?

A

It is achieved by a doubling of the activity of the genes on the X chromosomes of males

51
Q

Bridge’s Hypothesis

A

Involves Nondisjunction?

52
Q

What is Barr Bodies?

A

Darkly staining bodies in the nuclei of cells

53
Q

What is Lyon Hypothesis?

A

Barr Body was an inactive X chromosome

54
Q

From XXXXX (Poly-X female), how many barr bodies

A

4

55
Q

What does Lyon hypothesis suggest?

A

The presence of variable number of X chromosomes should not affect the phenotype in mammals because any X chromosomes in excess of one should be inactivated

56
Q

What is a gene?

A

An inherit factor that helps determine a characteristic

57
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

58
Q

What is a locus?

A

A specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele

59
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A set of alleles possessed by an individual organism

60
Q

What is homozygote?

A

An individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus

61
Q

What is heterozygote?

A

An individual organism possessing two different alleles at a locus

62
Q

What is a characteristic or a character?

A

An attribute or feature possessed by an organism

63
Q

What is a phenotype or trait?

A

The appearance or manifestation of a character

64
Q

What is monohybrid crosses?

A

Crosses between parents that different in a single characteristic

65
Q

What is parental generation?

A

first generation of a cross

66
Q

What are F1?

A

Offsprings of the first generation

67
Q

What are the observations of the principle of segregation?

A

Each individual organism possesses two alleles encoding a trait. Alleles separate when gametes are formed. Alleles are separate in equal proportions.

68
Q

What stage of meiosis that each individual organism possesses two alleles encoding a trait?

A

Before meiosis

69
Q

What stage of meiosis that alleles separate when gametes are formed?

A

Anaphase I

70
Q

What stage of meiosis that alleles are separate in equal proportions?

A

Anaphase I

71
Q

What are observations of principles of Independent Assortment?

A

Alleles at different loci separate independently

72
Q

What stage of meiosis that alleles at different loci separate independently?

A

Anaphase I

73
Q

What is backcross?

A

cross between F1 genotype and parental genotype

74
Q

What ratio of dihybrid crosses?

A

9:3:3:1

75
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and only has a plasma membrane

76
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A multicellular or unicellular organism where the nucleus is present and bounded by a membrane

77
Q

What type are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

78
Q

What is the major difference between prokaryote and eukaryotic cells?

A

In eukaryotic has a nuclear membrane which surrounds the genetic material to form a nucleus

79
Q

How chromosomes are formed?

A

DNA formed with histones (proteins)

80
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Complex of DNA and histone proteins

81
Q

How do histone proteins regulate?

A

Histone proteins help regulate the accessibility of DNA to enzymes and other proteins that copy and read the DNA and enable the DNA to fit into the nucleus

82
Q

What does Bacteria don’t process with their DNA?

A

Bacteria do not possess histones

83
Q

What are viruses?

A

It is neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic because they do not possess the structure of a cell

84
Q

What are the three fundamental events that must take place for cell division?

A

1) its genetic information must be copied
2) the copies must be separated from each other
3) the cell must divide

85
Q

How does a prokaryotic cell reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

86
Q

What is the binary fission?

A

When a single circular chromosome replicates

87
Q

What is the origin of replication?

A

Replication occurs at this place

88
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells that carry two sets of genetic information

89
Q

What is a functional chromosome?

A

a centromere, pair of telomeres, and origin of replication

90
Q

What is the purpose of the centromere?

A

It serves as the attachment point for spindle microtubules

91
Q

What are telomeres?

A

It protects and stabilizes the chromosome ends

92
Q

What are checkpoints in cell cycle?

A

Progression through the cell cycle is regulated at key transition points which allow or prohibit the cell’s progress to the next stage

93
Q

What is the interphase?

A

The period between cell divisions in which the cell grows develops, and function

94
Q

What is the mitotic phase?

A

the period of active cell division

95
Q

What does M phase include?

A

mitosis, the process of nuclear division and cytokinesis

96
Q

What are condensins?

A

A group of proteins that bind to the DNA within chromosomes and bring about condensation that occurs in prophase

97
Q

What do microtubules consist of?

A

Tublin

98
Q

What is G0 phase?

A

Stable nondividing period of variable length

99
Q

What is G1 phase?

A

Growth and development of the cell

100
Q

What is S phase?

A

Synthesis of DNA

101
Q

What is G2 phase?

A

Preparation for division

102
Q

Which cell division where chromosomes are reduced in half?

A

Meiosis

103
Q

What stage of meiosis is termed as reduction division?

A

Meiosis I

104
Q

What stage of meiosis is termed as equational division?

A

Meiosis II

105
Q

What is synapsis?

A

homologous chromosomes pair up and begin synapsis a very close pairing association

106
Q

What is bivalent or tetrad?

A

Each homologous pair of synapsed chromosomes

107
Q

When does synapsis occur?

A

Prophase I

108
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information take place in prophase I

109
Q

What is interkinesis?

A

The period between meiosis I and II. The nuclear membrane reforms

110
Q

What is recombination?

A

The creation of new combinations of alleles on a chromatid

111
Q

What must be taken for recombination?

A

Crossing Over

112
Q

When does random alignment take place?

A

Metaphase I

113
Q

What is cohesion?

A

A protein that holds chromatids together

114
Q

Where does cohesin along chromosome arms hold homologs together at?

A

Chiamata

115
Q

Coshesin at the centromere is protected by a protein called

A

Shugoshin

116
Q

When is the centromeric cohesin no longer protected by shugoshin?

A

Metaphase II

117
Q

When does synapsis form?

A

Zygotene

118
Q

When does the synaptonemal complex develop?

A

Pachytene

Biology 142 (1 decks)

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