Test 1 Flashcards
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature: refers to the influence of the gene that people inherit
Nurture: refers to the environmental factors (from the mom’s nutrition while pregnant to the experiences in life)
Differential susceptibility
The idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to certain things (sometimes can be genetics)
Ex: Children with a more difficult temperament —> had negative parenting
Multidirectional
The development of something or someone doesn’t occur in a strictly linear fashion
(Some things can increase or decrease in a life spend)
Ex: aging
Multicontextual
Context of the person’s life: physical environment (temperature, air quality, plants), surrounding living creatures (animals, people, birds, insects), social values (love, money, cooperation), cultural norms (how you behave, belief, proper manners)
Bronfenbrenner’s model (multicontextual)
Microsystem: immediate surroundings (family, school, peers, neighborhood)
Mesosystem: interaction of system (family interact w/school to help you, medical institution)
Exosystem: where the child is not involved but it affects him anyways (the neighbourhood, parent’s work, parent’s friends, mass media)
Macrosystem: cultural values, political processes, economic policies, social conditions
Chronosystem: time system (changing conditions, personal and societal, over time)
Cohort (multicontextual)
People born within the same generation will move through life together, experiencing the same events (concerts), technologies (Instagram, Snapchat), and cultural shifts at the same age
Multicultural
Shared beliefs, norms, behaviours, expectations
Social construction (multicultural)
How people think and act, what they cherish, ignore, and punish
Ex: race, gender, age, intelligence, nationality, childhood
Difference-equals-deficit error (multicultural)
The mistake belief that cultural differences are superior or inferior somehow
Ethnicity vs. Race (multicultural)
Ethnicity: people who share the same language, culture and religion and are often born in the same region
Race: based on physical appearance, social construction
Intersectionality (multicultural)
Systems of inequality based on gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity… interact to create a unique dynamic
Multidisciplinary
Many academic discipline are relevant:
-Biosocial: medicine, neuroscience, biology
-Cognitive thinking: psychology, education, linguistics
-Psychosocial: economics, sociology, history
Plasticity
- People can change over time
- New behaviour is affected by what already happended
*brain, body, and behaviour is more modlable than we think
Dynamic systems approach (plasticity)
Includes every aspects of nature of development:
physical context, emotional influences, multicultural, multidirectional, multicontextual, multidisciplinary
Example of a plasticity in recent years involve the brain
Neuroplasticity
Emerging adulthood
In the “emerging adulthood”: good health, 18-25 years old, clear skin, care a lot about their looks
Strong and active bodies
Every system (respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, muscular, reproductive…) function at their best in emerging adulthood. It is the best time to do sports. *peak of strength
Growth and strength (emerging adulthood)
Muscle growth, bone strength, shape changes: fat accumulation in women (thigh, breast), shoulder width and upper-arm strength.
Organ reserve
The power that each organs themselves can employ when needed: speedy recovery, cope with stress more quickly.
Homeostasis
Balance the inner body to keep the physical balanced. *aging slows homeostasis, the body heat is less efficient when cold —> high temp. May temporarily overwhelm the heart, kidneys…
Allostasis
Long term adjustment, affect physiology
Set point
Body weight that a person tries to maintain
Body mass Index
Weight/height
Anorexia
Think that they are overweight when they are far too skinny
Bulimia
Over eats and then vomits
Binge-eating
Compulsive over eating
Sexual-reproductive system
System is strong, quick, orgasms are frequent, sex drive is powerful, joyful, birth complications are unusual
Sexual-transmitted infections (STI)
STI increased because of air travel and sexual activities of young adults, US has the most
Sexual double standard
Million of wives contracting STI’s, because of inadequate care & man’s unwillingness to recognize his own infection, women transmitted HVI to their newborn. *8 millions carried the virus in South Africa and 1/4 pregnant women
Drug use
In adolescence, because the brain is developing, any use of drugs risks abuse. Damaging physical, cognitive and psychosocial well-being *peaks at 20 and decrease later on in life
Alcohol consumption
Binge drinkers have a higher rate of all the violent deaths, more than 1/3 children in US have binged on alcohol
Stage approach
A new stage of a formal operational intelligence
Psychometric approach
Measures changes in aspects of intelligence, as revealed by scores on tests
Information-processing approach
How the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information
Post-formal thought (5th stage)
Logical, adaptive problem solving that is a step of more complex than specific formal-level tasks. Need To be integrated with emotional and pragmatic aspects, being more practical, more flexible.
Political identity
- Who do you identify with the most when voting (political level)
- Political identity is most likely to change through emerging adulthood
- Ex: in 2000’s, young adults kept the same political identity as when adolescence, which was the same as their parents, community, classmates VS today young adults tend to make make their own political opinion.
Dialectical thought
- Most advanced cognitive process
- Ability to consider a thesis, antithesis and then to conclude with a synthesis
- Every idea support within itself the opposite idea or circumstance
Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis
Thesis - A proposition or statement of belief (1st stage), Antithesis - A proposition or statement of belief that oppose the thesis (2nd stage), Synthesis - New idea that integrates the original and its opposite (3rd stage)
linked lives
- the experiences and needs of each family member at whatever age are affected by everyone else /// - lives in which the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other members
Parenting
- parental support continues for many emerging adults. ex: because of delays in marriage, a tie to a parent may be the most important bond in young adult’s life
Holland’s occupational personality types
CONVENTIONAL: prefer structured business situations involving date analysis,finances, organizational task (order,efficiency). REALISTIC: prefer practical, hands-on, physical, building, fixing, repairing object/mechanical things, working outside. INVESTIGATIVE: prefer solve problems ( science/engineering). Physical world, how it works, intellectual challenges ARTISTIC: prefer unstructured situation ( self-expression of ideas, concept through art,music,theatre, film etc..). SOCIAL: prefer direct service (help, advise, counselling, coach, teach, mentoring) drawn to humanistic or social causes. ENTERPRISING: prefer business situations involving selling, influence, persuasion. Drawn to management, leadership, marketing
Culture and dialectics
Differences in dialects in different cultures: /// Ex: Westerns are more likely to pay attention to facial expression, but asian pay more attention to the context that surrounds the circumstances. /// Ex: Asian people are more likely to look away from an unpleasant scene, and feel less troubled by it (make them more open to more possibilities and less conclude that one answer is the only correct one) /// * Individuals in every cultures vary in how they approach problems.
Moral foundations (Haidt)
People think their morality is rational, but have deep emotional reactions that they do not recognize /// 1. Care for others; harm no one /// 2. Promote freedom; avoid oppression /// 3. Be fair; do not cheat /// 4. Seek purity; avoid contamination /// 5. Respect authority; do not break religious rules
Intimacy VS isolation
The sixth of Erikson’s eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound and isolation.
Helicopter parents
- overprotective parents /// - the label used for parents who hover over their emerging-adult children.
Snowplow parents
Parents who try to clear every obstacle in their children’s path
Long term benefits of education
Higher education improves health, wealth and civic involvement in every nation /// “the rich get richer but the poor stay poor” /// 2/3 who attend some college must pay back college (dropping out)
Massivication
The idea that establishing institutions of higher learning and encouraging college enrolment can benefit everyone (college should be available for all) , racism decreased as massification continues to be a goal, the number of white men has increased (US).
Cohabitation
An arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married
Passion
Is evident in falling in love, an intense physical, cognitive, and emotional onslaught characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria
Intimacy
Knowing someone well,sharing secret as well as sex.
Commitment
- least common in early adulthood (western pattern)
- commitment is influenced by culture
- in arranged marriage, occurs before passion or intimacy
Male-female freindships
- Male friendship = share activities and interests. Talk external matters = sports, work, politics, cars
- female friendship = intimate and emotional. Share secrets , health, romances, sex life, etc…
- male-female friendship = can be non-sexual friendship between cisgender, and transgender // can be sexual ‘’friends with benefits’’
Benefits of diversity (in school)
The ethnic identity of the students is more closer to the emerging-adult population as a whole, and more women than men are now earning college degrees. The increased ethnic diversity is welcomed by almost all developmentalists.
Social network use
About 83% of u.s young adults use network to keep in contact and seek romance.
Matchmaking websites filtering strategies
Arranged marriage
1/3 of world’s families: love did not lead to marriage because parents arranged marriage that joined 2 families together
Passion and intimacy can occur in arranged marriage
Love marriages
Love marriages occur only after young people are financially and emotionally independent
Intimate partner violence IPV
Young adults are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of domestic violence
Why?
- inexperience, hormones, freedom from parental supervision
Cause of domestic violence
- youth
- poverty
- culture of violence acceptance
- personality
- mental illness
- substances use disorder
- childhood history of abuse
Situational couple violence
- fighting between romantic couples that is brought on more by the situation than by personality problems then both express regret
- situation causes stress, the partners attack each other
Intimate terrorism
Violent and demeaning form of abuse in a romantic relationship where the victim is too scared to fight back, seek help, or withdraw
