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Child development > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main views of child development learning?

A

Continuous (nature-genetics)- Children stay on the same path through development.

Discontinuous (nurture-epigenetics)
Child change change paths of development anytime

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2
Q

What is the major goal of child-development research?

A

To understand how heredity and the environment interact to determine development.

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3
Q

Can children influence their own development?

A

Yes. Children interpret their experiences and often actively influence the experiences that they have. Parent-child relationships are bi-directional.

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4
Q

What are the 5 domains of development?

A

Physical, cognitive, linguistic, personality, and social relationship development.

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5
Q

What are the 5 theories of child development?

A

Biological, Psychodynamic, Learning, Cognitive-developmental, and contextual perspectives.

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6
Q

What does the biological perspective of development suggest?

A

Two important concepts:
Critical period: Time in which a child is able to learn.
Imprinting: Child forming emotional bond with mother.

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7
Q

What are the two major theories within psychodynamic perspective?

A

Freud’s psychosexual theory
Erikson’s psychosocial theory

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8
Q

What are the two theories within the biological perspective?

A

Maturational theory- development follows a pre-arranged biological plan

Ethnological theory- behaviours are adaptive because they have survival value.

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9
Q

According to Freud, what are the three components of personality?

A

Id (bad), ego (outcome), and superego (good)

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10
Q

According to Freud, what are the 5 stages of development?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

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11
Q

What does Erickson think about development?

A

Each stage involves a crisis that must be resolved.

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12
Q

What are the different perspectives of learning through the Learning Perspective?

A

Classical conditioning (pavlov), Operant conditioning (Skinner), and observational learning.

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13
Q

What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?

A

Children develop a sense of self-efficacy through experience and this influences their behaviour.

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14
Q

What doe the cognitive development perspective state?

A

Children are constantly revising theories with experiences. (Jean Piaget)

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor (birth -2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (teens-beyond). `

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16
Q

What is the contextual perspective?

A

Environment influences development through culture and values.

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17
Q

What are the different systems inn the contextual perspective?

A

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.

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18
Q

What are the two types of systematic observations in child development?

A

Naturalistic observation (in natural environment), and Structured observation (Researchers create a setting to elicit behaviours of interest)

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19
Q

What are the different types of bias in observational studies?

A

Observer bias (researchers may interpret behaviour a certain way to agree with hypothesis)
Observer influence (participants change behaviour if they know they are being watched)

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20
Q

What is important to remember when picking a sample?

A

Samples of children who participate in research should be representative of the population of interest

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21
Q

What are different measurements used in studies?

A

Sampling behavior with tasks, self reports, and physiological measures.

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22
Q

What do inferential statistics do?

A

Test the likelihood of a null hypothesis of being correct.

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23
Q

What are qualitative methods?

A

Qualitative methods allow researchers to investigate children’s thoughts and feelings about a topic of interest

24
Q

What are the four designs for studying age related changes?

A

Longitudinal study: the same individuals are tested repeatedly over time
Microgenetic study: children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
Cross-sectional study: children of different ages are tested at one point of development
Longitudinal-sequential studies are hybrids of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies

25
Q

What is the period of zygote?

A

Egg is fertilized in fallopian tube. First 2 weeks. Implants itself it wall of uterus. Placenta formed. Also referred to as a blastocyst (ball of cells).

26
Q

What is the period of the embryo?

A

2-8 weeks after fertilization. Cluster of cells where structures and organs begin to form (heartbeat established).

27
Q

What are the 3 structures that form in embryo?

A

Amniotic sac (protective bag filled with embryo and amniotic fluid), Placenta (nutrients), and umbilical cord (carries placenta to embryo)

28
Q

What are late stages of an embryo known as?

A

Known as Ovum. Conception to 4 weeks. Beginning of development of spinal cord, nervous system, gi tract, heart, and lungs.

29
Q

What is the period of the fetus?

A

From 8 weeks to birth. Finishing touches on organs and systems. Muscles + connective tissue begin to be produced.

30
Q

How often do miscarriages happen?

A

10-25% of the time. Most common cause is chromosome abnormality. Most occur by week 13. Risk goes up with age.

31
Q

When does the age of viability occur?

A

Weeks 22-26

32
Q

What are the different terminologies within the age of viability period?

A

Premature: born before due date with low body weight
Preterm: born early but has normal body weight
Small for date: born close to date but low body weight.

33
Q

What are risk factors for low body weight of babies?

A

Maternal drug use.
Abnormal structure of uterus
Multiple kids
Teenage Mom

34
Q

What is lightening?

A

fetus drops into lower pelvis, mother more comfortable

35
Q

What is a Electronic fetal monitor?

A

device that tracks fetal heartbeat via a monitor attached to the mother’s abdomen or by a wire through the cervix with a sensor on the fetus’s scalp

36
Q

What are the 3 stages of birth?

A
  1. Multiple contractions and ends when cervix is fully enlarged. lasts many hours
  2. Infant exits through birth canal. less than an hour
  3. placenta expelled. lasts a few minutes.
37
Q

What is a Caesarean delivery
(c-section)?

A

Surgical procedural birth when birth is slow or complicated.

Cons: Mother at risk of infection, longer recovery period and hospital stay. Infant exposed to maternal medication (but no long term effects)

38
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

agent that causes abnormal fetal development

39
Q

What are some general risk factors toward child development?

A

Mothers age
Poor nutrition
Maternal stress
Drugs
Exposure to multiple risk factors

40
Q

What are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A

Teen pregnancy
Little prenatal care
Exposure to smoke
Sleeping position and overheating

41
Q

What are risk factors embedded within poverty?

A

Limited medical care, limited knowledge, poor diet, inadequate living conditions, increased stress

42
Q

Does timing of a teratogen matter?

A

Period of Zygote (< 2w)  miscarriage
Period of Embryo (2 - 8w)  Most vulnerable time, especially Week 5; major structural abnormalities
Period of Fetus (> 8w)  Affects still developing organs (e.g., CNS, genitalia), stunted growth, functional problems (e.g., attention, learning)

43
Q

Are teratogen sensitivity based on genetics?

A

Yes

44
Q

How do some teratogens present themselves?

A

Either immedialty or extremely delayed

45
Q

What kinds of things can alcohol do to a fetus?

A

Arousal: hyperactive, impulsive
Poor social skills: aggressive, self abusive
Heart defects
Head and facial abnormalities: Microcephaly (small head circumference), small eye slits, flat nasal bridge

46
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

brain’s wrinkled surface, consists of right and left hemispheres linked by corpus callosum

47
Q

What are the 3 cortexs?

A

Sensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

48
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.

49
Q

What is Lateralization?

A

Prone to use one hemisphere in preference to the other for particular tasks

50
Q

What does motor development depend on?

A

Maturation and Motor cortex controls

51
Q

What does the brain originate from?

A

Prenatal Neural Plate

52
Q

What are the two brain cell types?

A

Glial cells (produce myelin, regulate nutrients, repair tissue damage, and protect neurons) + Neurons (interpret information from world)

53
Q

What are the neural processes of “Blooming + Pruning”?

A
  1. Blooming (More neurons produced then needed)
  2. Neurons grow in size
  3. Neurons form connections with other cells (synaptogenesis)
  4. Loss of of neural cells is normal (pruning)
54
Q

What two growth trends do we see in prenatal development?

A

cephalocaudal (head to foot)
and Proximodistal (in to out)

55
Q

What are mechanisms of healthy growth?

A

Plenty of sleep and proper nutrition (ideally breast milk)

56
Q
A

Child development (3 decks)

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