Test 1 Flashcards
What are the two main views of child development learning?
Continuous (nature-genetics)- Children stay on the same path through development.
Discontinuous (nurture-epigenetics)
Child change change paths of development anytime
What is the major goal of child-development research?
To understand how heredity and the environment interact to determine development.
Can children influence their own development?
Yes. Children interpret their experiences and often actively influence the experiences that they have. Parent-child relationships are bi-directional.
What are the 5 domains of development?
Physical, cognitive, linguistic, personality, and social relationship development.
What are the 5 theories of child development?
Biological, Psychodynamic, Learning, Cognitive-developmental, and contextual perspectives.
What does the biological perspective of development suggest?
Two important concepts:
Critical period: Time in which a child is able to learn.
Imprinting: Child forming emotional bond with mother.
What are the two major theories within psychodynamic perspective?
Freud’s psychosexual theory
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
What are the two theories within the biological perspective?
Maturational theory- development follows a pre-arranged biological plan
Ethnological theory- behaviours are adaptive because they have survival value.
According to Freud, what are the three components of personality?
Id (bad), ego (outcome), and superego (good)
According to Freud, what are the 5 stages of development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
What does Erickson think about development?
Each stage involves a crisis that must be resolved.
What are the different perspectives of learning through the Learning Perspective?
Classical conditioning (pavlov), Operant conditioning (Skinner), and observational learning.
What is Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
Children develop a sense of self-efficacy through experience and this influences their behaviour.
What doe the cognitive development perspective state?
Children are constantly revising theories with experiences. (Jean Piaget)
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (birth -2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (teens-beyond). `
What is the contextual perspective?
Environment influences development through culture and values.
What are the different systems inn the contextual perspective?
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
What are the two types of systematic observations in child development?
Naturalistic observation (in natural environment), and Structured observation (Researchers create a setting to elicit behaviours of interest)
What are the different types of bias in observational studies?
Observer bias (researchers may interpret behaviour a certain way to agree with hypothesis)
Observer influence (participants change behaviour if they know they are being watched)
What is important to remember when picking a sample?
Samples of children who participate in research should be representative of the population of interest
What are different measurements used in studies?
Sampling behavior with tasks, self reports, and physiological measures.
What do inferential statistics do?
Test the likelihood of a null hypothesis of being correct.
What are qualitative methods?
Qualitative methods allow researchers to investigate children’s thoughts and feelings about a topic of interest
What are the four designs for studying age related changes?
Longitudinal study: the same individuals are tested repeatedly over time
Microgenetic study: children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
Cross-sectional study: children of different ages are tested at one point of development
Longitudinal-sequential studies are hybrids of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
What is the period of zygote?
Egg is fertilized in fallopian tube. First 2 weeks. Implants itself it wall of uterus. Placenta formed. Also referred to as a blastocyst (ball of cells).
What is the period of the embryo?
2-8 weeks after fertilization. Cluster of cells where structures and organs begin to form (heartbeat established).
What are the 3 structures that form in embryo?
Amniotic sac (protective bag filled with embryo and amniotic fluid), Placenta (nutrients), and umbilical cord (carries placenta to embryo)
What are late stages of an embryo known as?
Known as Ovum. Conception to 4 weeks. Beginning of development of spinal cord, nervous system, gi tract, heart, and lungs.
What is the period of the fetus?
From 8 weeks to birth. Finishing touches on organs and systems. Muscles + connective tissue begin to be produced.
How often do miscarriages happen?
10-25% of the time. Most common cause is chromosome abnormality. Most occur by week 13. Risk goes up with age.
When does the age of viability occur?
Weeks 22-26
What are the different terminologies within the age of viability period?
Premature: born before due date with low body weight
Preterm: born early but has normal body weight
Small for date: born close to date but low body weight.
What are risk factors for low body weight of babies?
Maternal drug use.
Abnormal structure of uterus
Multiple kids
Teenage Mom
What is lightening?
fetus drops into lower pelvis, mother more comfortable
What is a Electronic fetal monitor?
device that tracks fetal heartbeat via a monitor attached to the mother’s abdomen or by a wire through the cervix with a sensor on the fetus’s scalp
What are the 3 stages of birth?
- Multiple contractions and ends when cervix is fully enlarged. lasts many hours
- Infant exits through birth canal. less than an hour
- placenta expelled. lasts a few minutes.
What is a Caesarean delivery
(c-section)?
Surgical procedural birth when birth is slow or complicated.
Cons: Mother at risk of infection, longer recovery period and hospital stay. Infant exposed to maternal medication (but no long term effects)
What is a teratogen?
agent that causes abnormal fetal development
What are some general risk factors toward child development?
Mothers age
Poor nutrition
Maternal stress
Drugs
Exposure to multiple risk factors
What are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Teen pregnancy
Little prenatal care
Exposure to smoke
Sleeping position and overheating
What are risk factors embedded within poverty?
Limited medical care, limited knowledge, poor diet, inadequate living conditions, increased stress
Does timing of a teratogen matter?
Period of Zygote (< 2w) miscarriage
Period of Embryo (2 - 8w) Most vulnerable time, especially Week 5; major structural abnormalities
Period of Fetus (> 8w) Affects still developing organs (e.g., CNS, genitalia), stunted growth, functional problems (e.g., attention, learning)
Are teratogen sensitivity based on genetics?
Yes
How do some teratogens present themselves?
Either immedialty or extremely delayed
What kinds of things can alcohol do to a fetus?
Arousal: hyperactive, impulsive
Poor social skills: aggressive, self abusive
Heart defects
Head and facial abnormalities: Microcephaly (small head circumference), small eye slits, flat nasal bridge
What is the cerebral cortex?
brain’s wrinkled surface, consists of right and left hemispheres linked by corpus callosum
What are the 3 cortexs?
Sensory, Motor, and Association Cortex
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
What is Lateralization?
Prone to use one hemisphere in preference to the other for particular tasks
What does motor development depend on?
Maturation and Motor cortex controls
What does the brain originate from?
Prenatal Neural Plate
What are the two brain cell types?
Glial cells (produce myelin, regulate nutrients, repair tissue damage, and protect neurons) + Neurons (interpret information from world)
What are the neural processes of “Blooming + Pruning”?
- Blooming (More neurons produced then needed)
- Neurons grow in size
- Neurons form connections with other cells (synaptogenesis)
- Loss of of neural cells is normal (pruning)
What two growth trends do we see in prenatal development?
cephalocaudal (head to foot)
and Proximodistal (in to out)
What are mechanisms of healthy growth?
Plenty of sleep and proper nutrition (ideally breast milk)
