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test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

variation

A

individuals within a species display variability in both physiological and behavioral traits

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2
Q

Heritability

A

offsprings inherit traits from their parents

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3
Q

Survival and reproduction

A

if a certain trait promotes survival or reproduction they will have a greater chance of transmitting to their offsprings

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4
Q

Fitness

A

ability to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Adaptations

A

which are production of evolution traits that improve fitness

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6
Q

Exaptation

A

these adaptations to one environmental problem that improve fitness

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7
Q

Byproducts

A

side effect of adaptations. (belly buttons)

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8
Q

Random effects

A

chance mutations

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9
Q

Speciation

A

separated groups of species that can no longer breed with each other

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10
Q

Continuity hypothesis

A

the idea that trait difference will be quantitative not qualitative

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11
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

the attribution of human characteristics to animals

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12
Q

Anecdotal method

A

based on personal observation and recollections rather than a regulated study

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13
Q

Clever hans

A

when an animal or human senses what someone wants them to do even though they are not deliberately being given signals

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14
Q

Morgan’s cannon

A

keep it simple. No need to attribute complex thought process to animals if their behavior can be explained by simple or basic mechanisms

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15
Q

Behaviorism

A

The idea that behavior is the only justifiable object of study in psychology is associated with a subdiscipline of the field

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16
Q

Radical behaviorism

A

The extreme discipline that mentalistic states have no role in behavioral change

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17
Q

Methodological behaviorism

A

research that involved quantifiable measures of behavioral output and tight control of extraneous variables

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18
Q

Animal thought and insight

A

Stemmed from behaviorism in humans

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19
Q

Ethology

A

the scientific study of animal behavior

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20
Q

Instincts

A

behavioral pattern that appear in full form the first time they are displayed

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21
Q

Fixed action patterns

A

stereotyped, species-typical behaviors that occur in a rigid order and are triggered by specific stimuli in the environment.

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22
Q

imprinting

A

a type of learning in which exposure to specific stimuli or events usually at a young age alters behavioral traits of the animal.

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23
Q

Tinbergen’s 4 questions

A

Adaptive value. What is the function of the behavior?
Evolution. How did the behavior develop across evolution and how does it compare to the behavior of closely related species?
Ontogeny. How does the behavior change across the lifespan of the organism?
Immediate causation. What are the internal mechanisms that produce the behavior?

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24
Q

Proximate Causation

A

explaining behavior in terms of developments and physiology

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25
Q

Ultimate Causation

A

Explaining behavior in terms of adaptive value and evolution.

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26
Q

Behavioral ecology

A

examines how animals interact with their environments

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27
Q

Sociobiology

A

the principles of population biology and evolutionary theory are applied to social organizations.

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28
Q

Common adaptation

A

The process whereby individual species develop different strategies in dealing with the same fitness related problems

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29
Q

Visual adaptation

A

the visual system that works by absorbing light of particular wavelengths along the electromagnetic spectrum.

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30
Q

Bioluminescence

A

To emit and detect chemical light, which is created when organic compounds are mixed together.

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31
Q

Binocular vision

A

When the two visual fields overlap. Much of what is seen with the right eye is also seen with the left eye.

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32
Q

Sensory drive hypothesis

A

Speciation by sensory drive is a special cause of speciation by natural selection. When pops. occupy new habitats w/ different sensory environments. Natural selection adapts to maximize fitness.

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33
Q

Sensory bias

A

situations in which individual of a species respond with increased vigor to stimuli that are exaggerated versions of naturally occurring stimuli.

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34
Q

Sensory exploitation

A

implies that sensory signals which were important for one process have been co-opted by another.

Also describes situations in which a trait evolved to capitalized on an existing preference.

Ex. Orange Guppies

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35
Q

Supernormal stimuli

A

heightened responses to exaggerated versions of natural stimuli.
Ex. Birds protecting largest eggs over normal size ones.

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36
Q

Sensitive periods

A

The period in which experience-dependent changes can have profound and enduring effects on development

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37
Q

Compensatory plasticity hypothesis

A

a loss of deficit in one sense leads to a heightened capacity in another. Its a developmental process in that altered sensitivity to visual and olfactory cues only occurs in early life.

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38
Q

Sensory detection

A

begins at the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue) which then transmit info through the central nervous system.

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39
Q

Neuron architecture

A

soma, axon, presynaptic terminal, action potential, synapse, dendrites.

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40
Q

Transduction

A

The sensory receptors translate physical events into electrical signals

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41
Q

Sensory processing

A

each sensory modality has a distinct pathway

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42
Q

Frequency coding

A

as the intensity of the physical stimulus increases, so does the frequency of action potential.

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43
Q

Population coding’

A

as the stimulus intensity increases the number of sensory receptors firing action potentials also increases

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44
Q

Perception

A

the interpretation of these signals which occurs when sensory information is processed, organized, and filtered within the central nervous system.

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45
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationship between sensations and perception.

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46
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

the amount of which 2 stimuli must differ so that the difference can be detected. Is not an absolute value but a relative one.

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47
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Most of the sensory receptors in they eye project to a region of the thalamus

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48
Q

Feature integration theory

A

elements of sensory input are coded at the initial stages of processing.

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49
Q

Optic flow

A

to describe the movement of elements in a visual scene, relative to the observer.

50
Q

Stimulus filtering

A

the process of separating and extracting meaningful information from the abundance and diversity of sensory cues in the environment.

51
Q

Sign stimuli

A

the essential features of a stimulus which are necessary to elicit a specific behavioral response

52
Q

Releasers

A

sign stimuli are sometimes called

53
Q

Attention

A

mental process that selects which information will be processed further which allowed individuals to focus on particular stimuli.

54
Q

Selective attention

A

the ability to attend to a limited range of sensory information while actively inhibiting competing imput

55
Q

Sustained attention

A

to maintain a focus on one aspect of their surroundings for extended periods of time.

56
Q

Divided attention

A

the ability to process simultaneously sensory input for more than one source.

57
Q

Learning vs Memory

A

the mental processes of acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval.

58
Q

Encoding

A

first stage of memory processing. The conversion of incoming information into neural signals that will be used for later processing.

59
Q

Consolidation

A

Second stage of memory processing. The process of modifying encoded representation so that they become more stable over time.

60
Q

Retrieval

A

Third stage of memory processing. The mental activity of accessing this stored information.

61
Q

Working memory and its evolution

A

Memories being transferred from short term to long term. New environmental info. updates memories of food sources across generations.

62
Q

Reference memory

A

active process of referring to information in long term store.

63
Q

Non-declarative memory

A

types of memory that do not depend on awareness or explicit knowledge to be express.

64
Q

Habituation and Sensitazation

A

The response may decrease with repeat experience.
The response may increase with experience

65
Q

Perceptual priming

A

is the facilitated identification of a stimulus as a consequence of prior exposure to the stimulus

66
Q

Classical conditioning

A

the process whereby a stimulus through association with a motivationally significant event acquires the ability to elicit a response.

67
Q

Procedural memory

A

gradual change in behavior based on feedback

68
Q

Declarative memory

A

knowledge based system that is expressed through explicit statements. It is flexible in that it combines multiple pieces of information retrieved from long term store.

69
Q

Semantic memory

A

describe general knowledge of the world that is not tagged to a particular event

70
Q

Episodic memory

A

knowledge for events in a personal past is called.

71
Q

Neuroscience of memory

A

current evidence points to commonalities in the cellular, molecular, and synaptic mechanisms that underlie different types of memory.

72
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons

73
Q

US, UR, CS, CR

A

US: food, UR the salivation, CS bell and CR salivation.

74
Q

Operant condition

A

is a change in behavior that produces an outcome either in the lab or natural environment can be described as an operant

75
Q

Law of effect

A

animals tend to repeat behaviors that produce satisfying effects and refrain from repeating those that lead to unsatisfying events.

76
Q

Positive and Negative reinforcement

A

P: describes a contingency between a response and an outcome that increases the probability of the response.
N: increases a behavior in this case because it removes an averse stimulus.

77
Q

Positive Negative punishment

A

p: adding an aversive stimulus after an unwanted behavior to discourage a person from repeating the behavior.
Ex spanking
N: omission decreases the probability of responding by withholding an outcome.
ex timeout.

78
Q

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

A

Animals display a certain stimuli associated with adverse events.
ex fear or anxiety when dogs go to vet

79
Q

Suppression ratio

A

LP during CS/(LP during CS + LP during an equal period of time preceding CS)
LP=lever presses

79
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA)

A

consumption of the food was associated with gastric illness usually throwing up.

80
Q

Discrete trials vs Free operant

A

Subjects have the opportunity to make one correct response for each time they are placed in a testing apparatus.

Subjects have the opportunity respond repeatedly once they are placed in the testing apparatus.

81
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

the relationship between responding and reinforcement

82
Q

Fixed ratio & Variable ratio

A

if the number of responses is set its a fixed.
if the number of required responses varies about a mean value it variable.

83
Q

Fixed interval & Variable ratio

A

fixed: the time from the presentation of one reinforcer to the possibility to the next is constant.
Variable: the time from the presentation of one reinforcer to the possibility to the next is average.

84
Q

Associative conditioning as adaptations

A

they have been conserved across evolution

85
Q

Equipotentiality

A

the idea that associations between different stimuli responses and reinforcers could be formed with equal ease.

86
Q

Adaptive specializations

A

the relative ease with which animals acquire certain associations

87
Q

Mechanisms

A

proximate explanations describe associative learning in terms of causal factors that produce optimal conditioning.

88
Q

Informativeness

A

the more frequently two stimuli are paired the stronger the association between them will be.

89
Q

Latent inhibition

A

in which previous exposure to the CS in the absence of the US retards subsequent conditioning to the CS

90
Q

Blocking

A

CS2 conveys no new information about the occurence of the US so conditioning does not occur

91
Q

Temporal contiguity

A

easier to form an association between two stimuli if they occur close together in time.

92
Q

Stimulus salience

A

it difficult to eliminate cues that are not explicitly part of the experimental design.

93
Q

Overshadowing

A

one stimulus acquires better conditioning than other stimuli in the environment even if they are equal predictors of the US

94
Q

Extinction

A

gradual reduction in responding

95
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

two stimuli (CS1 and CS2) are presented together with no US. If CS2 elicits a CR animals must have formed an S-S association (CS1-CS2) prior to conditioning

96
Q

Preparatory response theory

A

theory of classical conditioning that proposes that the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US which allows for situations in which the CR and the UR are different

97
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

how animals code the logical relationship between events in their environment. The model formulated to explain classical conditioning and the phenomenon of blocking.

98
Q

Dispersal

A

the movement away from a parent or conspecific population due to declining resources, overcrowding or mate competition.

99
Q

Migration

A

the seasonal movement between spatially distinct habitats.

100
Q

Sex differences in spatial memory

A

there is no sex difference on this measure for species in which males and females show similar patterns of territory exploration.

101
Q

Orientation

A

an angle measured with respect to a reference.

102
Q

Kinesis

A

non-directional movement in response to a stimulus.

103
Q

Taxis

A

is directional movement in response to a stimulus.

104
Q

Landmarks

A

stimuli that have a fixed spatial relationship to a goal location.

105
Q

Navigation – small scale

A

short distanced traveled within a familiar territory.

106
Q

Path integration

A

allows animals to return to a starting location by keeping track of the combined distance and direction travelled on a single journey.

107
Q

Cognitive maps

A

how animals form a spatial relationship among landmarks and bacons as well as their own animals own position with respect to these cues.

108
Q

Navigation – large scale

A

long distance travel to a goal often through unfamiliar territory.

108
Q

Hormonal relations to spatial navigation

A

small scale
-females: positional cues
-males: directional cues

109
Q

Homing

A

the ability to return to a nest or burrow after displacement to a distant often unfamiliar site.

110
Q

Migration

A

seasonal movement btwn spatially distinct habitats

111
Q

Compasses

A

global reference system that allows them to determine their own position in relationship to external referent.

112
Q

Sun

A

the sun’s position to maintain a constant direction during migration.

113
Q

Star

A

stellar constellations the organization of stars as directional cues.

114
Q

Magnetic

A

the earths magnetic field as a directional cue

115
Q

Olfactory

A

the birds learn how different atmospheric gases are spatially distributed at their loft.

116
Q

Neural mechanisms of navigation

A

controlled by more than one mechanism.

117
Q

Hippocampus

A

cognitive maps are formed in the hippocampus

118
Q

Retrosplenial cortex

A

which receives direct input from the hippocampus and sends connections to the striatum and other brain regions involved in motor control.

119
Q

Striatum

A

acts as a response reference system by signaling to the rest of the brain which spatial responces.

comparative psych (2 decks)

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