Test 1

Question 1

The application of statistical principles in medicine, public health, or biology.

Answer 1

biostatistics

Question 2

Virtually all statistics are an ().

Answer 2

estimate or guess

Question 3

(prevalence or incidence) exposed/unexposed

Answer 3

relative risk

Question 4

A field of study focused on the study of health and illness in human populations, patterns of health or disease, and the factors that influence these patterns.

Answer 4

epidemiology

Question 5

More effective from a statistical viewpoint; Intervening and measuring a response happens here; participants are, with no selectiveness, put into one of several comparison treatments or groups.

Answer 5

randomized controlled trial or experimental design

Question 6

What is an example of a randomized controlled trial?

Answer 6

clinical trial

Question 7

The methodology that is used to collect the information to address the research question.

Answer 7

study design

Question 8

In what type of study do we observe a phenomenon?

Answer 8

observational studies

Question 9

A study conducted at a single point in time; appropriate design when research question is focused on prevalence of disease, a present practice, or an opinion between participant groups; nonrandomized.

Answer 9

cross-sectional study

Question 10

A study conducted to study the exposure or risk factor status of participants looking back in time.

Answer 10

retrospective cohort study

Question 11

A distortion of the effect of an exposure or risk factor on the outcome by other characteristics.

Answer 11

confounding

Question 12

Study often used in epidemiological research when seeing if there is an association between a particular risk factor or exposure and an outcome, particularly for a rare outcome.

Answer 12

case-control study

Question 13

Clinical trials which include multiple study centers

Answer 13

Multicenter trials

Question 14

number of persons with disease / the number of persons examined at baseline

Answer 14

point prevalence

Question 15

number of persons who develop a disease during a specified period / number of persons at risk at baseline

Answer 15

cumulative incidence

Question 16

possibility of going from disease free to diseased

Answer 16

hazard

Question 16

number of persons who develop disease during a specified period / sum of lengths of time during which persons are disease-free

Answer 16

incidence rate

Question 17

(PP/CI/IR) exposed - unexposed

Answer 17

risk difference

Question 18

(PP/CI/IR) (overall-unexposed)/overall

Answer 18

population attributable risk

Question 19

(PP/CI) exposed/unexposed

Answer 19

relative risk or risk ratio

Question 20

IRexposed/IRunexposed

Answer 20

rate ratio

Question 21

(CI/PP) (exposed/1-exposed)/(unexposed/1-unexposed)

Answer 21

odds ratio

Question 22

Subset of individuals from the population

Answer 22

sample

Question 23

Another name for characteristics in a study

Answer 23

variables, outcomes, endpoints

Question 24

() variables only have two responses

Answer 24

dichotomous

Question 25

() variables have more than two possible responses and are ordered

Answer 25

ordinal

Question 26

() variables have more than two responses and are unordered

Answer 26

categorical or nominal

Question 27

() variables take on an unlimited number of responses between defined minimum and maximum values

Answer 27

continuous or quantitative or measurement

Question 28

numerical summary measures computed on samples

Answer 28

statistics

Question 29

summary measures computed on populations

Answer 29

parameters

Question 30

What is the appropriate graphical display for dichotomous variables?

Answer 30

bar charts

Question 31

What is an ideal way to display descriptive statistics for ordinal and categorical variables?

Answer 31

frequency distribution table

Question 32

What is the appropriate graphical display for ordinal variables?

Answer 32

histograms

Question 33

What is the appropriate graphical display for categorical variables?

Answer 33

bar charts

Question 34

sum of all the values / sample size (most appropriate measure of typical value if no outliers)

Answer 34

sample mean

Question 35

A second measure of the average value (ideal if there are outliers)

Answer 35

sample median

Question 36

Most frequent value

Answer 36

mode

Question 37

Important measure of variability in a sample

Answer 37

sample range

Question 38

Most widely used measure of variability for a continuous variable

Answer 38

standard deviation

Question 39

the difference between the first and third quartiles (ideal if there are outliers)

Answer 39

IQR

Question 40

The value in the dataset that holds 25% of the values below it

Answer 40

first quartile

Question 41

The value in the dataset that holds 25% of the values above it

Answer 41

third quartile

Question 42

What is the appropriate graphical display for the distribution of a continuous variable?

Answer 42

box-whisker plots

Question 43

Numbers that reflect the likelihood that a particular event occurs

Answer 43

probabiltiies

Question 44

Making generalizations about unknown population parameters based on sample statistics

Answer 44

inferential statistics

Question 45

When each member of population has a known probability of being selected

Answer 45

probability sampling

Question 46

Each member of the population is selected without use of probability

Answer 46

nonprobability sampling

Question 47

Number that reflects the likelihood that a particular event occurs focusing on a subset of the population

Answer 47

conditional probability

Question 48

P(+|D)

Answer 48

sensitivity

Question 49

P(-|DF)

Answer 49

specificity

Question 50

P(+|DF)

Answer 50

false positive fraction

Question 51

P(-|D)

Answer 51

false negative fraction

Question 52

P(D|+)

Answer 52

positive predictive value

Question 53

P(DF|-)

Answer 53

negative predictive value

Question 54

The probability of one event is not affected by the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the other ; P(A|B) =P(A)

Answer 54

independence

Question 55

Probability rule that can be used to compute conditional probability based on specific available info ; P(A|B) = (P(A|B)P(A))/ P(B)

Answer 55

Bayes' Thereom

Question 56

What are examples of observational studies?

Answer 56

cross-sectional and cohort

Question 57

() and incidence have large effect on prevalence

Answer 57

duration

Question 58

high incidence and low duration = () prevalence

Answer 58

low

Question 59

low incidence and high duration = () prevalence

Answer 59

high

Question 60

probability of what you are trying to get /probability of anything else

Answer 60

odds

Question 61

() + 1.5 * IQR for larger value outlier(s)

Answer 61

Q3

Question 62

() - 1.5 * IQR for smaller value outlier(s)

Answer 62

Q1

Question 63

If the observed values vary widely around the sample mean, the standard deviation is ()

Answer 63

large

Question 64

If all observed values are close to the sample mean, the standard deviation is ()

Answer 64

small

Question 65

If all values in sample are identical, the standard deviation is ()

Answer 65

zero

Question 66

Describes info collected in a study sample

Answer 66

descriptive statistics