Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 273 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the levels of organization in living organisms

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five kinds of epithelia and what do they do?

A

exchange - rapid exchange of gases
ciliated - line airways and female reproductive tract
secretory - release products into environment/blood
transport - transporting non-gaseous material
protective - surface of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the five kinds of connective tissue and what do they do?

A

loose - elastic tissue (eg. tissue underlying skin)
dense - strength (eg. tendons)
adipose - contains adipocytes (eg. white and brown fat)
blood
supporting - dense substances (eg. bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three kinds of muscle tissue and what do they do?

A

skeletal - responsible for body movement
smooth - influences movement of substances into, out of, and within the body
cardiac - only in heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of neural tissue?

A

neurons and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are gap junctions?

A
  • cell-to-cell communication between adjacent cells
  • gap junctions can open and close
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is contact-dependent signaling?

A
  • interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
  • physical connection between receptor and signaling molecule
  • seen in embryo development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is local communication?

A
  • via paracrine and autocrine signaling
  • chemicals secreted by cells which act on neighboring cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is long-distance communication?

A
  • nervous and endocrine systems
  • neurotransmitters and neurohormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Receptors are usually _____________

A

trans-membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three types of reflex controls?

A

negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an example of positive feedback

A

pressure on cervix during labour causing release of oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Negative feedback is __________ but positive feedback is not

A

homeostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Feedforward control is _____________ control

A

anticipatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A group of soma in the CNS is called ___________

A

nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A group of soma in the PNS is called ____________

A

ganglia

17
Q

Bundles of axon in the CNS are called ___________

A

tracts

18
Q

Bundles of axon in the PNS are called ____________

A

nerves

19
Q

Which part of a neuron receives signals and which part transmits signals?

A

Dendrites receive signals and axon transmits them

20
Q

What are somatic sensory neurons called?

A

Pseudounipolar

21
Q

What are smell/vision sensory neurons called?

A

Bipolar neurons

22
Q

What are interneurons with no axon called?

A

Anaxonic

23
Q

What are the two Multipolar neurons called and what is the difference?

A

Multipolar neurons in the CNS have numerous dendrites and no long extensions for the axon
Efferent multipolar neurons have 5-7 dendrites and a single long axon

24
Q

How can neurons be classified by structure?

A

Pseudounipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, multipolar - CNS, and multipolar - efferent

25
Q

How can neurons be classified by function?

A

Afferent, interneurons, and efferent

26
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A
  • receive information from receptor cells
  • soma are located outside CNS
27
Q

What are interneurons?

A
  • located in CNS
  • make up 96% of neurons
  • transmit signals within CNS
28
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A
  • receive information from interneurons
  • soma are located within CNS
  • transmit information to target cell
29
Q

What are the two types of PNS glial cells and what do they do?

A

schwann cells - forms myelin to electrically insulate axon
satellite cells - non-myelinating and support somas

30
Q

What are the four types of CNS glial cells and what do they do?

A

oligodendria - CNS version of schwann cell
astroglia - star shaped cells that contact blood vessels and neurons
microglia - small specialized immune cell
ependymal cells - epithelial cells that produce cerebral spinal fluid

31
Q

ICF has a net ___________ charge and ECF has a net _____________ charge

A

negative, positive

32
Q

The difference of the electrical potential between the inside and outside of cell is called _________

A

membrane potential

33
Q

membrane potential is measured in

A

mV (millivolts)

34
Q

Which ions are higher in ECF and which ions are higher in ICF

A

Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are higher in ECF
K+ is higher in ICF

35
Q

What is equilibrium potential?

A

membrane potential that exactly opposes concentration gradient of an ion

36
Q

Define depolarization and hyperpolarizarion

A

Depolarization is when the cell membrane potential gets less negative (decrease in membrane potential)
Hyperpolarization is when the cell membrane potential gets more negative (increase in membrane potential)

37
Q

Chemically gated channels respond to _________ and voltage-gated channels respond to ___________

A

ligands (like neurotransmitters), changes in voltage

38
Q

What are the terms for short-distance signals and long-distance potentials?

A

short-distance = graded potential
long-distance = action potential

39
Q

How are graded potentials triggered?

A

Ions enter cell from ECF

BIOL 273 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions