Test 1

Question 1

List the levels of organization in living organisms

Answer 1

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

Question 2

What are the five kinds of epithelia and what do they do?

Answer 2

exchange - rapid exchange of gases
ciliated - line airways and female reproductive tract
secretory - release products into environment/blood
transport - transporting non-gaseous material
protective - surface of body

Question 3

What are the five kinds of connective tissue and what do they do?

Answer 3

loose - elastic tissue (eg. tissue underlying skin)
dense - strength (eg. tendons)
adipose - contains adipocytes (eg. white and brown fat)
blood
supporting - dense substances (eg. bone)

Question 4

What are the three kinds of muscle tissue and what do they do?

Answer 4

skeletal - responsible for body movement
smooth - influences movement of substances into, out of, and within the body
cardiac - only in heart

Question 5

What are the two types of neural tissue?

Answer 5

neurons and glial cells

Question 6

What are gap junctions?

Answer 6

• cell-to-cell communication between adjacent cells
• gap junctions can open and close

Question 7

What is contact-dependent signaling?

Answer 7

• interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
• physical connection between receptor and signaling molecule
• seen in embryo development

Question 8

What is local communication?

Answer 8

• via paracrine and autocrine signaling
• chemicals secreted by cells which act on neighboring cells

Question 9

What is long-distance communication?

Answer 9

• nervous and endocrine systems
• neurotransmitters and neurohormones

Question 10

Receptors are usually _____________

Answer 10

trans-membrane proteins

Question 11

What are the three types of reflex controls?

Answer 11

negative feedback, positive feedback, feedforward control

Question 12

What is an example of positive feedback

Answer 12

pressure on cervix during labour causing release of oxytocin

Question 13

Negative feedback is __________ but positive feedback is not

Answer 13

homeostatic

Question 14

Feedforward control is _____________ control

Answer 14

anticipatory

Question 15

A group of soma in the CNS is called ___________

Answer 15

nuclei

Question 16

A group of soma in the PNS is called ____________

Answer 16

ganglia

Question 17

Bundles of axon in the CNS are called ___________

Answer 17

tracts

Question 18

Bundles of axon in the PNS are called ____________

Answer 18

nerves

Question 19

Which part of a neuron receives signals and which part transmits signals?

Answer 19

Dendrites receive signals and axon transmits them

Question 20

What are somatic sensory neurons called?

Answer 20

Pseudounipolar

Question 21

What are smell/vision sensory neurons called?

Answer 21

Bipolar neurons

Question 22

What are interneurons with no axon called?

Answer 22

Anaxonic

Question 23

What are the two Multipolar neurons called and what is the difference?

Answer 23

Multipolar neurons in the CNS have numerous dendrites and no long extensions for the axon
Efferent multipolar neurons have 5-7 dendrites and a single long axon

Question 24

How can neurons be classified by structure?

Answer 24

Pseudounipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, multipolar - CNS, and multipolar - efferent

Question 25

How can neurons be classified by function?

Answer 25

Afferent, interneurons, and efferent

Question 26

What are afferent neurons?

Answer 26

- receive information from receptor cells - soma are located outside CNS

Question 27

What are interneurons?

Answer 27

- located in CNS - make up 96% of neurons - transmit signals within CNS

Question 28

What are efferent neurons?

Answer 28

- receive information from interneurons - soma are located within CNS - transmit information to target cell

Question 29

What are the two types of PNS glial cells and what do they do?

Answer 29

schwann cells - forms myelin to electrically insulate axon satellite cells - non-myelinating and support somas

Question 30

What are the four types of CNS glial cells and what do they do?

Answer 30

oligodendria - CNS version of schwann cell astroglia - star shaped cells that contact blood vessels and neurons microglia - small specialized immune cell ependymal cells - epithelial cells that produce cerebral spinal fluid

Question 31

ICF has a net ___________ charge and ECF has a net _____________ charge

Answer 31

negative, positive

Question 32

The difference of the electrical potential between the inside and outside of cell is called _________

Answer 32

membrane potential

Question 33

membrane potential is measured in

Answer 33

mV (millivolts)

Question 34

Which ions are higher in ECF and which ions are higher in ICF

Answer 34

Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- are higher in ECF K+ is higher in ICF

Question 35

What is equilibrium potential?

Answer 35

membrane potential that exactly opposes concentration gradient of an ion

Question 36

Define depolarization and hyperpolarizarion

Answer 36

Depolarization is when the cell membrane potential gets less negative (decrease in membrane potential) Hyperpolarization is when the cell membrane potential gets more negative (increase in membrane potential)

Question 37

Chemically gated channels respond to _________ and voltage-gated channels respond to ___________

Answer 37

ligands (like neurotransmitters), changes in voltage

Question 38

What are the terms for short-distance signals and long-distance potentials?

Answer 38

short-distance = graded potential long-distance = action potential

Question 39

How are graded potentials triggered?

Answer 39

Ions enter cell from ECF