test 1 Flashcards
hippocampus
memory
sulci
indentations/grooves
gyri
folds/bumps
Hindbrain
metencephalon and myelencephalon
Midbrain
mesencephalon
forebrain
diencephalon and telencephalon
coronal
front and back
horizontal
top and bottom
sagittal
right and left
grey matter
in the brain and spinal cord is made up of cell bodies.
white matter
is composed of densely packed nerve fiber (Myelinated Axons)
thalamus
relays sensory signals, controls alertness and consciousness. in dicenpholen
hypothalamus
regulates metabolism, circadian rhythms, communicates with the pituitary gland. in dicenpholen
cerbeal peduncles
contain the ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts
cerebellum
motor control, especially essential/repetitive processes
pons
breathing, involuntary actions, internal functions
medulla
autonomic functions (vomiting, coughing…), more breathing
What does it mean if a reigion is active
the neurons are active
Gila
Play supporting (but vital!) functions: to nourish, insulate, and regulate
Neurons
Responsible for processing information
Have excitable membranes
Allows active conduction of electrical signals
The sciatic nerve is made up of-
Axons
axon
initiates, conducts and transmits the output signal: action potential
axon hillock
where action potentials are initiated
axon terminals
where signals are passed to the next cell
action potential
the basic unit of language used by the brain to hold and process information
How do neurons send signals
Synapses
Information is carried within a neuron via _ signals
Electrical
Information is passed between neurons via _ signals
Chemical
At what voltage are most Na+ opening
-55mv
At what point do K+ close
refectory period
radial gila
act as ladders for developing neural cells as they migrate from ventricular zones to final destination
ependymal cells
ciliated cells lining spinal cord and ventricles, facilitate CSF flow
Oligodendrocytes
ensheath axons of CNS neurons in myelin. Also provide metabolic support.
Astrocytes
control endothelial cells and mediate blood-brain barrier, nutrient support of many neurons, regulate synapses, aid in neural scarring
microgila
maintain activity in homeostasis, activated by neuronal damage and infection, chief mediator of neuroimmune response
Behaviors that are necessary for cognitive functions and personality are most likely found in the _
forebrain
processing of sound and memory both rely on structures located in the
temporal lobe
The right hemisphere controls the _ side of the body
contralateral and left
two primary divisons of the nervous system
Central and Peripihial
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary systems
somatic nervous systems
voluntary systems
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
parasympathetic
controlls bodily functions when a person is at rest, stimulates digesting and motabilism
afferent
sensory neurons that carry messages to the central nervous system
efferent
motor neurons that carry messages from the central nervous system to the skelatal muscles of the body
dendrites
receive inputs from other cells
soma
contains organelles that allow the neuron to function
axon terminals
transmit the output signal to other cells
myelin
insulates the axon, allowing signals to travel faster
axon
carries output signals to other cells
electrical (action potential)
signal within a neuron
chemical (synapses)
signal passed between neurons
mind-brain problem
is the mind-brain separate entities or inseperable
monism
the body and mind are qualitatively the same
dualism
the body and mind are separate. The body is material, the mind is non-material
Egypt dualism
Egyptians believed an individual was made up of eight distinct parts
Alcmaeon of croton
dissection of cadavers revealed a physical linkage between the eyes and the brain
hydraulic theory
an animal spirit moves through ventricles of the brain
Avicenna
defined things like insomnia, mania, eplilepsy, stroke, published first medical textbook.
Descrates
“i think therefore i am”
Galvani
elctrical stimulation of the muscles produced contractions
von helmoholtz
measured the speed of conductance at 90 feet/second
fritsch and hitzig
electrical stimulation of the brain in certain areas produced contraction of specific muscles on the opposite side of the body
Phineas Gage
had damage to his frontal lobe and had impairments in personality and social conduct
Broca
found that damage within a small area of the frontal lobe caused severe impairment in speech production
Gail and Spurzheim
believed personality characteristics were located in specific areas of the brain
dorsal
top part
ventral
lower part
anterior or rostral
front
posterior or caudal
back
Loss of function study
can learn about what functions a structure contributes to by observing what happens that structure is damaged
first step to occur during an AP
voltage-gated potassium channels open
Hindbrain
Brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord. Vital life functions and motor processing.
Pons
contain nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, arousal, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste.
Medulla
control things like cardiac and respiratory centers.
Midbrain
part of the brainstem, that is associated with sleep and temperature regulation.
ventricles
hollow spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid
basal ganglia
regulates motivated behaviors
Limbic system
emotional processing
frontal lobe
executive control, mood, decision making
parietal lobe
special awareness, physical sensastion
temporal lobe
hearing and language
occipital lobe
vision
Wernickes area
speech comprehnsion, reading and writing
broca
speech production
hemispatial neglect syndrome
damage to the right frontal-parietal lobe, have a lack of awareness for things that occur in their left visual space
spinal cord
carries commands from the brain to the muscles
corpus callousm
communication between the hemispheres
brainstem
breathing and maintaining heart rate
meninges
protect the brain and spinal cord
blood-brain barrier
limits passage between the bloodstream and the brain
limbic system
process and regulate emotion
motor cortex
begins the process of a movement
blindsight
the ability of blind individuals to respond to visual stimuli that are outside conscious awareness
prosopagnosia
the ability to recognize familiar faces
resting potential
no ion flow
deporalarzation
Na+ enters cell, voltage becomes more positive
Repolarazation/Hyperolarazation
K+ flows out of the cell, voltage becomes more negative
Return to resting state
sodium-potassium pumps return Na+ and K+ to their original sides, restoring resting potential.
EPSP
Depolarazation, brings post-synaptic cell closer to AP threshold
IPSP
Hyperpolarazation, pushes post-synapic cell further away from AP threshold.
Ionotropic
open in response to the binding of a neurotransmiter
Metabotropic
G-protein-gated
