Test 1 Flashcards
What is the study of plants?
Botany
Father of botany
Theophrastus
Classified plants as aromatic, culinary, and medicine
Pedanius Dioscorides
Roman writer who compiled encyclopaedia
Pliny the elder
Father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Denomination of each kind of plant in two words ( genus + species)
Binomial Nomenclature
Father of Philippine Botany / Pharmacy
Leon Ma. Guerrero
Steps in Scientific Method
Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Results, Conclusion
True of False: Plants have a means of storing information
True
Study of mosses
Bryology
Study of lichens
Lichenology
Study of fungi
Mycology
Sub-discipline of identifying, naming, and classifying plants
Taxonomy
An individual plant is the result of interaction of _____ and ______.
Genes and environment
Offsprings with features that causes them to survive and reproduce will most likely pass down these genes
Natural Selection
How does new features arise on offsprings?
Mutation
Three domains of organisms
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Domain Eukarya: Single-celled organisms
Protista
Domain Eukarya: fungi such as mushrooms, puffballs, bread, and mold.
Kingdom Mycetae
Domain Eukarya: animals
Kingdom Animalia
Domain Eukarya: Plants
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Plantae: Mosses
Division Bryophyta
Kingdom Plantae: Ferns
Division Pteridophyta
Kingdom Plantae: conifers
Division Coniferophyta
Kingdom Plantae: Flowering Plants
Division Magnoliophyta
Number of divisions in kingdom Plantae
17 divisions
Some _____ are closely related to plantae as it gradually evolves into plants
Protists
Binomial nomenclature
Genus species
Characteristics that have same structure and function that evolved early on as the species is being studied
Primitive traits (plesiomorphic trait)
Characteristics that have same structure and function that have evolved more recently
Derived traits ( apomorphic trait )
True of False: Plants can be seen in all environments in earth
True
Adapted to live in water, plant stem grow towards surface, and leaves unroll to form flat pads
Water Lillies
Often grows in forest floors, adaptations to cling to other objects, climbs fences, walls, rocks, and other plants
Vines
Pants that can survive dry spells due to their thick stems to store water
Cacti
Vegetative organs that composes most plants
Stem, Root, Leaves
Reproductive Organs of Flowers that Composed Most Plants
Sepal, Petals, Stamens, and Carpe
Buds that are located above the attachment points of stems that could develop to a stem or flower, but often remains dormant
Auxiliary Bud
Plant Metabolism
CO2 + H2O —> C6H12O6 + O2
Chemicals that contain no minerals that starts with glucose from plants
All sugars, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Waxes, Pigments, and Many Vitamins
Chemicals that contain nitrogen that starts with glucose produced by plants
Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid, Some Hormones, and Some Pigments
Main Clades of Organisms
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Also known as True Plants, Land Plants, or Plants
Embrophytes
Examples of Plants without vascular tissues
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Plants with vascular tissues, but without seeds
Vascular cryptogram
Examples of Vascular Cryptogram
Lycophytes ( ferns )
Plants with vascular tissues and with seeds
Spermatophores
Examples of Spermatophytes
Cycads, Gingko, Gnetophytes, Conifers, Angiosperm
Types of Angiosperms
Basal Angiosperm, Monocots, Dicots
Organisms with a body that is not composed of roots, stems, and leaves and does not have typical plant tissues
Thallophytes
Examples of Thallophytes
Hornworts
Includes all plants not part of Thallophytes
Cormophytes
Other term for vascular plants
Tracheophytes
Common term for spore-bearing plants
Cryptogram
Technical term used for only seed plants that produces seeds
Spermatophytes
Cone-bearing seed plants
Gymnosperm
Flower-bearing seed plants
Angiosperms
Species classified as dicots had become evolutionary distinct very early in angiosperm history
Basal Angiosperm
Refers to all dicots minus the basal angiosperm
Eudicot
Examples of Cryptogams
Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts, Lycophytes, and Ferns
Examples of Gymnosperm
Cycads, Gnetophytes, Gingko, and Conifers
Scientific study of distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment
Ecology
Coined term Ecology
Ernst Haeckel
Interactions where neither organisms benefit or is harmed
Neutralism
Interactions where both organisms benefit
Mutualism
Interactions where one organism benefits by harming another
Predation
One organism benefits whereas the other are neither harmed nor helped
Commensalism
Interaction where one organism harms another without receiving any benefit itself
Amensalism
Interaction where both organisms hurt each other
Competition
Ensemble of similar cells from the same origins that Carrie’s specific function
Tissue
Types of Tissues
Meristematic and Permanent Tissues
Group of young cells capable of dividing into new cells
Meristematic Tissues
Kinds of Meristem
Apical, Lateral, and Intercalary Meristem
Meristems found at the tip of stems and roots
Apical Meristem
Meristems found alongside roots and stem
Lateral Meristem
Meristems found at the base of young leaves and interlobes
Intercalary Meristem
Formed from the division and differentiation of meristematic cells
Permanent Tissues
Types of permanent tissues
Simple, Complex, Special Tissues
Types of simple tissues
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma
Types of Complex Tissue
Xylem and Phloem
Types of Special Tissues
Digestive glands, Nectar glands, Osmophors, Secretory Cavities, Hydathodes, and Laticiferous Tissues
Most basic type of cell
Parenchyma
Parenchyma cell that have large intercellular spaces
Aerenchyna
Parenchyma cell that is identified by the presence of chlorophyll
Chlorenchyma
Parenchyma cell that is identified by elongated cells that gives mechanical support
Prosenchyma
Parenchyma cell that stores food material
Storage Parenchyma
Parenchyma cell that stores water
Water storage tissue
Living tissue which gives tensile strength
Collenchyma
Collenchyma that have cell arrangements in tangential rows
Lamellar Collenchyma
Collenchyma that have cells with large intercellular spaces called “Lacuna”
Lacuna Collenchyma
Collenchyma that have wall depositions at the corners of the cell
Angular Collenchyma
Elongated cells with tapering ends
Fibres
Dead tissues that gives mechanical support
Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma that are short and irregularly shaped
Sclereids
Function of parenchyma
Plays a vital role in respiration, Photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.
Function of Collenchyma
Flexibility and Elasticity to plants
Function of Sclerenchyma
Protects plant from stretching, bending, weight, and pressure
Water-conducting tissue
Xylem
Dead cells that conduct water
Tracheary elements
Xylem structure that are wide and cynlindrical
Vessel Elements
Structure of xylem that are dead with lignified walls
Xylem Fibres
Conducts water, minerals, and give mechanical support
Phloem
Phloem structure that live in swivel areas
Sieve elements
Elongated cells that support sieve tubes
Companion cells
Dead cells with tapering ends
Phloem Fibres
Tissues concerned with secretion or excretion
Special tissues
Special tissues found in insectivore plants
Digestive glands
Secrete sugary substance called nectar
Nectar glands
Special glands that produces volatile essential oils
Osmophors
Secretions released are stored in spaces within this gland
Secretory cavities
Also called as water stomata
Hydathodes
Specialized cells that secretes latex
Laticiferous cells
Composition of phospholipid structure
Glycerol, two fatty acids, and phosphate group
3-carbon polyalcohol acting as backbone for phospholipid
Glycerol
Non polar nature, water-fearing
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic, polar
Phosphate group
Functions of membrane protiens
Transporters, Enzymes, Cell Surface Receptors, Cell Surface Identity Markers, Cell-to-cell adhesion protein, attachment to the cytoskeleton.
Membrane proteins anchored in one layer of membrane
Peripheral membrane protein
Membrane protein that spans the lipid bilayer
Integral membrane protein
Formed from extensive non polar regions that creates pores throughout the membrane. B sheets in the protein creates a protein secondary structure to form a cylinder called
B-barrel
Movement of molecule through membrane without energy
Passive transport
Movement of molecules from high to low concentrations
Diffusion
Allows membrane to be selective on what passes through
Selective permeability
Allows polar molecules to pass through
Channel protien
Allow passage of ions commonly associated with water
Ion channels
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of water from high to low concentration
Osmosis
Environment high solute concentration
Hypertonic
Environment low solute concentration
Hypotonic
Osmosis moves water through _____
Aquaporins
Movement of molecules in membrane that requires energy
Active transport
Carrier proteins that moves one protein at a time
Uniporters
Carrier proteins that Carries two molecules in same direction
Symporters
Carrier proteins that moves two molecules at opposite direction
Antiporters
Active transport mechanism that uses antiporters to move 3 Na out and 2 K in
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Transport that uses energy released when a molecule moves by diffusion
Coupled transport
Movement in of substance into cell
Endocytosis
Movement of substance out of cell
Exocytosis
Cell takes in particulate matter
Phagocytosis
Cell takes in only fluids
Pinocytosis
Specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Amount of solute in a solution
Concentration
Dissolved substance in a solution
Solute
Mixture in which two or more substances are mixed evenly
Solution
The gradual difference in concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions
Concentration Gradient
True or False: Only plant cells have cell walls
False, bacteria and fungi have cell walls too
Contain same concentration of solutes
Isotonic
Study of organism and environmental that may cause disease in plants
Plant Pathology
Studies how environmental factors affect plants
Plant Ecology
Studies plant fossils
Paleobotany
Plants for criminal investigations
Forensic Botany
Studies how plant is affected by where it is
Archeobotany
Theory that states that life is produced from inorganic matter
Spontaneous Theory
Theory that states that life began elsewhere but brought to earth
Panspermia Theory
Theory that states that life began with RNA
RNA World Theory
Life arose from inorganic matter mixed with other compounds
Oparin-Haldane Theory
Plants that could survive areas with high salinity
Halophytes
Plants that can survive with moderate water
Mesophytes
Plants that survives in conditions with poor supply of water
Xenophytes
Plants that could grow in areas near water
Hydrophytes
Plant that is anti-edema, Diuretic, and Anti-urolithiasis
Sambong ( Ngai Camphor )
Anti-fungal, Ringworm, Athlete’s Foot, and Scabies
Akapulko ( Ringworm Bush )
Anti-helmetic
Chinese Honey Suckle
Diarrhea, Stomach ache
Tsaang Gubat ( Forest Tea )
Lower blood sugar
Ampalaya ( Bitter Gourd )
Lowers uric acid
Ulasimang bata ( shiny bush )
Hypertension, toothache, lower cholesterol
Bawang ( garlic )
Asthma, cough, fever, pain, skin diseases, headache, and rheumatism
Lagundi
First organ to appear when seed germinates
Radicle
How does secondary root grows ?
Laterally
Root system with roots having an equal diameter
Fibrous root system
Root systems that arise from other organs
Adventitious roots
Thimble-shaped, found at tip of roots, protects growing tip
Root cap
Region above region of elongation
Region of Maturation
Primary tissues of roots
Epidermis, cortex, vascular cylinder
Absorbs water and minerals underground through osmosis
Epidermis
Conducts water and dissolved minerals
Cortex
Where leaves are attached to stem
Nodes
Between two nodes where leaves grow
Internodes
Primary meristem of stem
Procambium, Protocambium, Ground Meristem
Part of the plant responsible for photosynthesis
Leaf
Part of leaf attached to stem
Leaf base
Stalk that links the stem with the leaf blade
Petiole
Leaf blade
Lamina
Veins in the middle of a leaf that leads to veinlets
Midrib
Types of leaves
Simple and Compound
Reproduction part of a plant
Flowers
Outermost region of a flower
Calyx
Part of flower composed of petals
Carolla
Composed of stamens
Androsecium
Region of a plant composed of carpel
Gynoecium
