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TEST 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biology is

A

scientific study of life

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2
Q

biologists ..

A

ask questions and divide into themes

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3
Q

organelles are

A

various functional components of cells

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4
Q

all cells have

A

a membrane and DNA as genetic info

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5
Q

what is responsible for ALL reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms

A

Cell Division

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6
Q

Types of Cells

A

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

membrane-enclosed organelles, large & well-defined nucleus; plants, animals, humans, fungi and other forms of life

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8
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

simple and small, no nucleus; bacteria, archaea

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9
Q

DNA is

A

the substance of genes (what we inherit)

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10
Q

Chromosomes contain

A

DNA

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11
Q

A double helix is made of

A

2 long chains of DNA `

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12
Q

What is each chain made of

A

a link made of nucleotides (ATGC which is where all DNA comes from)

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13
Q

Negative Feedback

A

as more product accumulates, the process that creates it slow and less product is made

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14
Q

Positive Feedback

A

as more product accumulates the process that creates it speeds up and more product is made

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15
Q

Discovery Science

A

natural structures and processes - based on observation and analysis of data

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16
Q

Qualitative

A

descriptions rather than measurements (qualities)

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17
Q

Quantitative

A

recorded measurements (quantities)

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18
Q

Scientific Hypothesis

A

leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation

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19
Q

What must a Scientific Hypothesis be

A

testable and falsifiable

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20
Q

Matter is

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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21
Q

Element is a

A

substance that cannot be broken down

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22
Q

Compound is

A

2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

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23
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are

A

Elements

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24
Q

What forms the Atomic Nucleus

A

Neutrons and Protons

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25
Q

What is around the Nucleus (forms a cloud)

A

Electrons

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26
Q

Atomic Number is what

A

the number of protons

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27
Q

Atomic Mass is what

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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28
Q

Potential Energy is what

A

the energy that matter has because of its location and structure

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29
Q

Isotopes are

A

2 atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

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30
Q

Valence Electrons are

A

electrons in the outermost shell (last shell houses valence electrons)

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31
Q

Valence is

A

the number of unpaired electrons required to complete a shell

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32
Q

Covalent and Ionic are

A

STRONG bonds

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33
Q

Hydrogen is

A

WEAK bond

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34
Q

3 Types of Chemical Bonds are

A

Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen

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35
Q

Four Major Elements that make up 95% of all living matter

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

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36
Q

What is the universal solvent or a biological medium

A

Water

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37
Q

Water is

A

Polar

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38
Q

What is polarity

A

polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

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39
Q

Oxygen has a _____ while Hydrogen has a _____

A

partially negative charge, partially positive

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40
Q

What are 4 Properties of Water that Sustain Life

A

cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

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41
Q

Cohesion

A

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together (cohesion)

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42
Q

Cohesion

A

attraction between different substances (adhesion)

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43
Q

Moderation of Temperature

A

water absorbs heat from warmer air & releases stored hear to cooler air

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44
Q

Moderation of Temperature

A

water can absorb/release hear with only a small change in temperature

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45
Q

Moderation of Temperature

A

Evaporative Cooling: as liquid evaporates the remaining surface cools

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46
Q

Expansion Upon Freezing

A

ice floats because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered”

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47
Q

Water: Solvent of Life

A

Solution: liquid is homogenous mixture of substances

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48
Q

Water: Solvent of Life

A

Solvent: dissolving agent of a solution

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49
Q

Water: Solvent of Life

A

Solute: substance that is dissolved

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50
Q

Water: Solvent of Life

A

Aqueous Solution: where water is the solvent

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51
Q

Water: Solvent of Life

A

when ionic compound is dissolved, each ion is surrounded by a hydration shell

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52
Q

Hydrophilic means

A

“water-loving,” readily dissolved in water, molecules that contain ionic/polar covalent bonds

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53
Q

Hydrophobic means

A

“water-fearing,” NOT readily dissolvable in water, non-polar molecules like hydrocarbon

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54
Q

Amphipathetic Molecule means

A

have both polar and nonpolar regions

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55
Q

Acid is

A

any substance that INCREASES the H+ concentration of a solution

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56
Q

Base is

A

any substance that REDUCES the H+ concentration of a solution

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57
Q

pH scale is

A

acidic solutions (less than 7) & basic solutions (greater than 7); each pH unit represents a 10 fold difference in H+ and OH- concentrations

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58
Q

Organic Chemistry is

A

the study of compounds that contain carbon

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59
Q

Organic Compounds contain

A

hydrogen atoms & carbon

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60
Q

Electron Configuration

A

determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

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61
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting of ONLY CARBON & HYDROGEN; their reactions release energy

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62
Q

Carbon Chains vary in

A

size, length and branching

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63
Q

What is responsible for influencing the development of male and female properties

A

Different chemical groups (estradiol and testosterone)

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64
Q

What are functional groups

A

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

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65
Q

What are the 7 Functional Groups

A

hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, sulfhydryl group, phosphate group, and methyl group

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66
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

always bonded to C, hydrophilic and polar; can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helps dissolve organic compounds such as sugars

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67
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

acetone, double bond between C & OH; give rise to 2 major groups of sugars: aldoses and ketoses

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68
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

acetic acid, any acid will fall into this group; covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

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69
Q

Amino Group

A

nitrogen is involved, bent with hydrogen; acts as a base, can pick H+ from surrounding solution; ionized with a charge of 1+ under cellular conditions

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70
Q

Sulfhydryl Group

A

an S, cysteine; 2 sulfyhdral groups can react, forming a covalent bond; “cross-linking” helps stabilize protein structure

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71
Q

Phosphate Group

A

a P, glycerol phosphate provides backbone for phospholipids

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72
Q

Methyl Group

A

CH3, component of DNA, affects expression of genes, arrangement effects sex hormones

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73
Q

What are the 4 classes of living things

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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74
Q

What is a monomer

A

a small building block molecule that makes up polymers

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75
Q

What is a polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids)

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76
Q

When does a Condensation/Dehydration Reaction occur

A

when 2 monomers bond together through the loss of water molecules

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77
Q

Synthesis/Breakdown of Polymers

A

disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, water is added

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78
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

every bond that is broken means water has been added

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79
Q

What is a Carbohydrate

A

fuel and building material

80
Q

What makes up a carbohydrate

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

81
Q

What is the simplest type of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide or single sugars

82
Q

What combines to form what

A

Monosaccharides combine to form polysaccharides (sugar polymers)

83
Q

What are Monosaccharides (sugar)

A

a sugar, major fuel for cells and serves as raw material for building materials

84
Q

Monosaccharides are usually multiples of

A

CH2O

85
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

86
Q

how are monosaccharides classified

A

by location of the carbonyl group (aldose and ketose) and by number of carbons (in carbon skeleton)

87
Q

Many sugars form what

A

rings

88
Q

A _______ is formed when a _______ _________ joins two monosaccharides

A

disaccharide, dehydration reaction

89
Q

what is the bond between 2 monosaccharides called

A

glycosidic linkage

90
Q

what type of bond is a glycosidic linkage

A

covalent

91
Q

polymers are made by what

A

a series of dehydration reactions

92
Q

what are individual glucose molecules called

A

monosaccharides

93
Q

what type of reaction would be used to build a polysaccharide

A

dehydration reaction

94
Q

what other class of large biological molecules would catalyze this reaction

A

proteins (enzymes)

95
Q

what is the name of the bond that holds sugars together

A

glycosidic linkage

96
Q

What has storage and structural roles

A

Polysaccharides

97
Q

Storage Polysaccharide

A

starch (plants) & glycogen (animals)

98
Q

Starch (plants) do what

A

made of glucose monomers and plants store surplus starch

99
Q

Glycogen (animals) do what

A

stored in liver and muscles

100
Q

Structural Polysaccharides

A

cellulose & chitin

101
Q

Cellulose is

A

found in cell wall of plants

102
Q

Chitin is

A

found in exoskeleton of arthropods and provides structural support for cell walls of funghi

103
Q

What are Lipids

A

a class of biological molecules that DO NOT form polymers, are hydrophobic, they consist of hydrocarbons and form nonpolar covalent bonds

104
Q

what are 3 types of lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids

105
Q

What are 2 sub groups of fats

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

106
Q

what is glycerol

A

3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

107
Q

what is fatty acids

A

consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

108
Q

what is name of function group on glycerol and fatty acids (they participate in dehydration reaction to form fats)

A

carboxyl group

109
Q

what is Ester Linkage

A

a bond between a carboxyl and hydroxyl group

110
Q

example of saturated fatty acids

A

butter

111
Q

example of unsaturated fatty acids

A

oil

112
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol; 2 fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group and its attachment form a hydrophilic head (look at picture)

113
Q

what is a steroid

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings; cholesterol is important steroid because they are present in animal cell membranes

114
Q

What are main protein functions

A

structural support (keep its shape), transport (how materials are moved in/out of cell), cellular communication (sending messages between cells), defense against foreign substances (immune system defense (antibodies))

115
Q

What are steps Enzymes (as proteins) take that catalyze or speed up a chemical reaction

A
  1. Binding to a substrate
  2. Conversion of Substrate to products
  3. Release of products from enzyme
  4. Enzyme free to catalyze further reactions
116
Q

Enzymes function as

A

workhorses that carry out the process of life

117
Q

T or F: All proteins are built from same set of 20 amino acids

A

true

118
Q

what is the R group and where is it

A

responsible for hydrophilicity and readily forms hydrogen bonds with water and are the branch off from carbon that is not hydrogen

119
Q

what does polar mean

A

WATER LOVING

120
Q

what are amino acids linked by

A

peptide bonds and multiple amino acids linked together form a polypeptide

121
Q

T or F: each individual protein has a unique linear sequence of amino acids

A

true

122
Q

peptides are named from ___ to ___, starting with the _______

A

left, right, n-terminus

123
Q

Functional proteins consists of

A

one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape

124
Q

a proteins structure determines what

A

its function

125
Q

levels of protein structure are

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quaternary
126
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

slight change in primary structure and can cause abnormalities; also results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

127
Q

T or F: A single amino acid has very little effect on hemoglobin

A

true

128
Q

What causes a protein to unravel

A

alterations to pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors

129
Q

what is the loss of a protein’s native structure

A

denaturation

130
Q

a denatured protein is

A

biologically inactive

131
Q

what are 2 most common nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

132
Q

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is ______ by a ____ __ ___________ called a ____

A

programmed, unit of inheritance, gene

133
Q

genes are made of what nucelic acid

A

DNA

134
Q

T OR F: DNA provides its own instructions for replication

A

True

135
Q

Order of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA–> RNA –> Protein

136
Q

nucleic acids are polymers called

A

polynucleotides

137
Q

each polynucleotide is made of monomers called

A

nucleotides

138
Q

Each nucleotide contains

A
  1. nitrogenous base
  2. pentose sugar
  3. phosphate group
139
Q

DNA is a _____ helix, an arrangement called ________

A

double, antiparallel

140
Q

Adenine-Thymine (A-T)

A

2 hydrogen bonds

141
Q

Guanine-Cytosine (G-C)

A

3 hydrogen bonds

142
Q

Characteristics of Light Microscope

A

can see live cells, more common, less $$

143
Q

Characteristics of Electron Microscope

A

more expensive, much more specific and precise

144
Q

What is magnification

A

the ratio of an objects image size to its real size

145
Q

what is resolution

A

clarity; ability to observe 2 adjacent objects as distinct from one another

146
Q

what is contrast

A

visible, differences in parts of the sample; using dye

147
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics

A
  • fungi, animal, plants
  • larger than prokaryotic
  • DNA in nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope
  • membrane-bound organelles
148
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics

A
  • bacteria and archaea
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • Cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane
149
Q

Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Characteristics

A
  • plasma membrane
  • semifluid substance called cytosol
  • chromosomes (carry genes)
  • ribosomes (make proteins)
150
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a selective barrier that allows oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

151
Q

what is the general structure of a biological membrane

A

a double layer of phospholipids (phospholipid bilayer)

152
Q

what does the Endomembrane System do

A

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

153
Q

What components make up the Endomembrane System

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
  • plasma membrane
154
Q

these components are either continuous/connected by _____

A

vesicles

155
Q

Nucleus

A

contains cell genes; the nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm; nuclear membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer

156
Q

What regulates entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

A

pores

157
Q

the shape of the nucleus is maintained by the

A

nuclear lamina (which is composed of protein)

158
Q

DNA and proteins form genetic material called _______

A

chromatin (these condense to form chromosomes)

159
Q

what is located within the nucleus

A

nucleolus (site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis)

160
Q

what accounts for more than half of a eukaryotic cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (is continuous with the nuclear envelope)

161
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and stores calcium

162
Q

Rough ER

A

has ribosomes, secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles

163
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

consists of flattened membranes called cistern (FEDEX HQ)

164
Q

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

modifies products of ER (carbs and glycoproteins); sorts and packages materials into membrane transport vesicles

165
Q

Journey of Secreted Protein

A
  1. Synthesis in the ER
  2. Transport through the Golgi
  3. Release from the plasma membrane to the outside of the cell
166
Q

Lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

167
Q

Lysosomal enzymes can

A

hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acid (hydrolysis reaction) ; all organelles that can break down

168
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

selectively permeable membrane, cell signaling using receptors, cell adhesion; boundary between cell and extracellular environment

169
Q

__________ and __________ change energy from one form to another

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

170
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration and where ATP is generated

171
Q

Smooth outer membrane and inner membrane of mitochondria folded into

A

cristae

172
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria creates 2 compartments

A
  1. inter-membrane space
  2. mitochondrial space
173
Q

Cristae presents a large surface area for enzymes that

A

synthesizes ATP (chemical energy conversion)

174
Q

Chloroplasts

A

found in plants and algae and is the site of photosynthesis

175
Q

chloroplasts is where

A

light energy is captured

176
Q

chloroplasts are in the family of organelles called

A

plastids

177
Q

chloroplasts contain a green pigment called

A

chlorophyll

178
Q

Motor proteins interact with

A

cytoskeletal functions

179
Q

Motor proteins

A

move cargo from one location in the cell to another; remains in one place and causes filament to move and bend

180
Q

T or F: both motor protein and filament is restricted in their movement

A

true

181
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

network of different size fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of the cell (bones of the cell)

182
Q

The cytoskeleton

A

supports the cell and helps keep it in shape; it helps with motility and moves material from one cellular location to another

183
Q

3 fibers make up the Cytoskeleton

A
  1. Microtubules ( thickest)
  2. Microfilaments (thinnest; actin filaments)
  3. Intermediate filaments (middle thickness)
184
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow rods that shape the cell and guide movement of vesicles and organelles; also separates chromosomes during cell division

185
Q

Cilia & Flagella

A

microtubules control beating of cilia and flagella, they are locomotor appendages of some cell; they differ in their beating patterns

186
Q

Microfilaments

A

solid rods build as a twisted double chain of actin subunits; they bear tension and resist pulling forces within the cell; they form a 3-D network called the cortex to help support cells shape

187
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

support cell shape and fix organelles in place; more permanent then the other fibers

188
Q

3 Extracellular Structures (outside the cell)

A
  1. Cell walls of plants
  2. Extracellular Matrix of animal cells
  3. Intercellular junctions
189
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

channels that perforate plant cell walls; water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell

190
Q

Intracellular Junction Types

A
  1. Plasmodesmata
  2. Tight Junction
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Gap Junctions
191
Q

what do intracellular junctions do

A

neighboring cells in tissues, organs etc, often adhere, interact and communicate through direct physical contact; they facilitate contact

192
Q

Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells

A

animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) on the surface

193
Q

what is ECM made of

A

glycoproteins like collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin

194
Q

what do ECM proteins bind to in the plasma membrane

A

interns (receptor proteins)

195
Q

Functions of the Extracellular matrix

A

support, adhesion, movement, regulation

Biology 201 (1 decks)

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