test 1

Question 1

descriptive statistics

Answer 1

organize, summarize and communicate a group of numerical observations (communicate what the data look like more clearly)

Question 2

inferential statistics

Answer 2

use sample data to make estimates about larger populations (tell you if the data are meaningful)
-make some sort of conclusion

Question 3

research questions usually want

Answer 3

to know something about the population

Question 4

a sample is

Answer 4

a set of observations drawn from the population of interest (could be smaller or big set)

Question 5

variables

Answer 5

any observation of a physical attitudinal or behavioural characteristic that can take on different values

Question 6

operational definitions

Answer 6

specify the procedure used to measure or manipulate variables

Question 7

discrete observations

Answer 7

can take on only whole numbers (specific values with nothing in between)

Question 8

continuous observations

Answer 8

have a full range of values with points in between the integers (zero)

Question 9

nominal variables

Answer 9

are used for observations that have categories or names in their value (no greater/lesser than quality)

Question 10

ordinal variables

Answer 10

have a directional relationship between categories (are used for observations that have rankings)

Question 11

interval variables

Answer 11

are used for observations that have #s in their value and have an arbitrary zero point (the zero does not mean there is “nothing” ex: temperature)

Question 12

ratio variables

Answer 12

have an absolute zero (ex:money) plus allows ratio comparisons

Question 13

independent variable (IV)

Answer 13

establishes the different conditions used for comparison (referred to as levels) this is what we manipulate and observe

Question 14

dependent variable (DV)

Answer 14

is the outcome variable we are interested in and measure

Question 15

confounding variable

Answer 15

any variable that changes systematically with the independent variable so that we cannot determine which variable may explain the results

Question 16

reliability of measurement

Answer 16

if you measure the same thing multiple times you will get the same answer

Question 17

validity of measure

Answer 17

measurements need to measure what you are intending to measure

Question 18

hypothesis testing

Answer 18

process of drawing conclusions about whether our data support the hypothesis

Question 19

experimental research involves

Answer 19

manipulating an IV and observing DV

Question 20

correlational research involves

Answer 20

identifying if there is an association between two or more existing variables