Test 1

Question 1

What is Arms Control?

Answer 1

“a form of international security cooperation […] aimed at limiting, through tacit or explicit agreement, the qualities, quantity, or use of weapons” KEY WORD COOPERATION

Question 2

The concept of Arms Control

Answer 2

a means to enhance a state’s national security

Question 3

types of concept of arms control (5)

Answer 3

 central authority
 collective security
 accepting a balance of power
 mutual deterrence
 abolishing or reducing force

Question 4

what does arms control seek?

Answer 4

to reduce the negative effects of the security
dilemma between states

Question 5

arms control is according to Hedley bull

Answer 5

“cooperation between antagonistic pairs of
states in the military field”

Question 6

when was the concept formulated

Answer 6

early 1960s

Question 7

in which age was arms control created

Answer 7

nuclear age

Question 8

which event pushed for increase study of arms control

Answer 8

Cuban missile crisis

Question 9

complementing deterrence by arms control was thus supposed to

Answer 9

mitigate the risks of unintended war through accident,
miscalculation, or failure of communication

Question 10

typology (5)

Answer 10

 risk reduction
 confidence-building (“soft” arms control)
 arms control proper (“hard” arms control)
 banning particular types of weapons
 export control

Question 11

subject areas: (5)

Answer 11

 nuclear arms control
 chemical and biological weapons
 conventional arms control
 nuclear nonproliferation
 emerging and disruptive technologies

Question 12

Goals of Arms Control (3)

Answer 12

 reducing the risk of (unintended) war
 reducing the cost of preparing for war
 reducing the damage should war occur

Question 13

risk reduction examples

Answer 13

Establishing a direct hotline between by the USSR with the US (1963), France (1966) and the UK (1967)

Question 14

what is included in Confidence-building instruments (soft) (2)

Answer 14

transparency and verification

Question 15

what is included in arms control proper instruments (hard) (3)

Answer 15

limitation
information exchange
verification

Question 16

what is included in enforcement?

Answer 16

joint consultative commissions

Question 17

Critiques of Arms Control? (5)

Answer 17

1- if states become or threaten to become aggressive, arms control is irrelevant
2- likely to work when it is least needed
3- verification problem
4- how to punish the cheaters
5- arms control does not go beyond power politics

Question 18

arms control vs. disarmament?

Answer 18

1- disarmament see the goal as simply reducing the size
of military forces, less weapons = more peace
2- arms control can even lead states to agree to increases in certain categories of armaments if such increases would contribute to crisis stability and thereby reduce the chance of war
THEY INTERSECT

Question 19

Types of arms control (Crawford)

Answer 19

rivalry-specific
 adversaries seek to manage their security competition through agreements that are tailored to the shape of their strategic relationship, in order to make a more stable or at least less costly military balance
LIKE NAVAL AGREEMENT

general arms control
 aspires to universality
LIKE NPT

Question 20

what did the Russian proposals for the 1899 conference anticipated agreement on?

Answer 20

 a general freezing for armaments
 the prohibition of certain types of arms
 the laws of war on land and sea, and
 the peaceful settlement of disputes

Question 21

although the conferences (1899 and 1907 ) failed to agree on steps towards disarmament, they endorsed

Answer 21

prohibitions on the use of certain types of arms, such as “dum-dum” bullets, poisonous chemical weapons, or bombs dropped from balloons

Question 22

1925, the Geneva Protocol prohibitions

Answer 22

use of deadly gases

Question 23

League of Nations article 8

Answer 23

reducing armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations”

Question 24

what was signed within the league of nations but never ratified?

Answer 24

the Control of the Trade in Arms and Ammunition but not ratified coz of france

Question 25

what other commissions the League of Nations produced? (2)

Answer 25

1921 - a Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments was set up to discuss proposals such as prohibiting chemical warfare and the bombing of civilian populations, and limiting artillery and tanks

 1926 - The Preparatory Commission for the Conference for theReduction and Limitation of Armaments

Question 26

what was the problems with the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments?

Answer 26

 the sticking point was security guarantees
 the draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance presented by the Commission in 1923 was rejected after objections from Britain

Question 27

1932–1934: Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments

Answer 27

 France opposed British and US proposals for the reduction of land and air forces conditioning this by receiving proper security guarantees

 French and Czechoslovak proposals for the reduction of Naval forces were opposed by Britain and Japan

 Germany supported by Italy insisted on equal armaments levels

 in 1933 the Conference considered the consolidated British proposal (the “MacDonald plan”) that anticipated limiting continental armies to 200,000 men and banning heavy armaments such as tanks and offensive aviation
forces within five years

 in October 1933, Germany ultimately decided to abandon the Conference and the League
 this lead to a factual break down of the talks

Question 28

Naval conferences

Answer 28

aimed to discuss naval reductions and the situation in the Far East
to uphold the status quo in the Pacific

Question 29

Major treaties of 1922 (3)

Answer 29

1- the Five-Power Treaty = ratio limit on warship + loopholes as other things were developed
2- the Four-Power Treaty =consult in the event of a crisis in East Asia
action
3- the Nine-Power Treaty = pledged to respect the territorial integrity of China

Question 30

Follow-ups to the Washington Naval Conference

Answer 30

1- Geneva Naval Conference
2- London Naval Treaty
3- Second Geneva Naval Conference
4- second London Naval Treaty

Question 31

“United Nations disarmament machinery” at three levels:

Answer 31

 deliberative level (UNGA, Disarmament Commission)
 a consensus-building level (First Committee)
 a body for disarmament negotiations (Conference on Disarmament)

Question 32

Evolution of the “UN disarmament machinery”

Answer 32

Conference on Disarmament (1979–83)

Question 33

Progress in “general” arms control measures (3)

Answer 33

1- Partial Test Ban Treaty
2- nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
3- Biological Weapons Convention

Question 34

UNGA Special Sessions and the Conference on Disarmament

Answer 34

1978 resolution emphasized the role of the UN in the field of multilateral disarmament, as opposed to bilateral arms control but failed to produce anything by the end of the Cold War

Question 35

US-Soviet bilateral nuclear arms control during the Cold War (6)

Answer 35

 (SALT)
 Threshold Test Ban Treaty limiting the yields of their
underground nuclear tests to 150 kt
 the 1976 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
 the 1979 SALT-II agreement
 the 1987 Interim INF)
 the 1991 (START)

Question 36

Cold War aftermath

Answer 36

the early 1990s was truly the high-water mark for arms control with agreements signed and entered into force with astounding speed

Question 37

when did the concept Cooperative security gain popularity?

Answer 37

popular with the end of the Cold War

Question 38

what was the concept of cooperative security?

Answer 38

“a commitment to regulate the size, technical
composition, investment patterns, and operational practices of all military forces by mutual consent for mutual benefit”

Question 39

Remarkable progress of arms control after Cold War examples? (7)

Answer 39

1- fixing the Soviet nuclear legacy
2- START
3- “Presidential nuclear initiatives”
4- reduction of the British and French nuclear forces
5- CFE treaty
6- Open Skies
7- OSCE Forum for Security Cooperation

Question 40

Multilateral arms control agreements post Cold War (4)

Answer 40

 Chemical Weapons Convention
 Indefinite extension of the NPT
 Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT, 1996)
 expansion of WMD export control arrangements (nuclear, missile, chemical and biological)

Question 41

Post-Cold War arms control dilemmas ()

Answer 41

1- emergence of new weapons technologies
2- emerging disruptive technologies
3- temptation to maintain “freedom of action”
4- “cooperation between antagonistic pairs of states” was questioned

Question 42

Erosion of arms control (6)

Answer 42

1- ABM and START 2 in 2002
2- CFE suspension 207
3- withdrawal from INF
4- withdrawal from open skies
5- suspension of new start
6- stagnation at the UN Conference on Disarmament

Question 43

main instruments of of nuclear arms control (5)

Answer 43

 1963: partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
 1968: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
 the SALT process and ABM treaties
 the INF treaty (1987)
 the START process (5)