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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two validity types in Police Research Material?

A

Internal and External

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2
Q

What is internal validity pertaining to police research?

A

Were there flaws in the study itself?

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3
Q

What is external validity pertaining to police research?

A

Generalize results of our study to other persons, times, settings

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4
Q

What is a variable?

A

A measurable characteristic that varies (age, intelligence, income)

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5
Q

What are types of variables in experimental investigations?

A

Independent, Dependent, Control

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6
Q

What is a independent variable?

A

It is the cause. It’s value is INDEPENDENT of other variables

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7
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

Is the effect. It’s value DEPENDS on changes in the independent variable

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8
Q

What is a control variable?

A

Must be constant and could affect the outcome of the experiment

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9
Q

What is a control group?

A

A selected group that does not receive the treatment

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10
Q

What is a control variable?

A

Things held constant that could affect the outcome of the experience

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11
Q

What is regression towards the mean?

A

If a variable is extreme, it will be closer to the average next time you measure it?

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12
Q

What can regression towards the mean result in?

A

Wrongly conclude that an effect is due to the result instead of by chance

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13
Q

What are the steps to regressing towards the mean?

A

Pick the worst places, treat, and then see effect

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14
Q

What are the strengths of the RCT model?

A

Randomly assigned into two groups; intervention or control group

Removes potential bias

Creates balance

Allows for accurate analysis

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15
Q

What is Effect Size?

A

Quantifies the difference between two groups

Provides a measure of the “size of the effect”

Indicates the relationship between variables, magnitude of observed effect

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16
Q

What is statistical significance

A

How likely a pattern in your data is due to chance

.05 chance of not being true

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17
Q

What is the downside of statistical significance?

A

Helps you understand how rare the results are

Does not tell you if the experiment was conducted well or well controlled

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18
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

How we see and understand the world

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19
Q

What are the consequences of a certain paradigm?

A

Can create a blind spot

Creates our vision, see life through one basic assumption

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20
Q

What are observations of paradigms?

A

They’re; common, useful, can sometimes only have 1,

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21
Q

Who usually creates paradigms?

A

Young people or outsiders

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22
Q

What are advantages of young/outsiders?

A

No peer pressure

No investment

They don’t know “what can’t be done”

Don’t understand subtleties of old rules

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23
Q

Can you change paradigms?

A

Yes

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24
Q

What quality must pioneers possess?

A

Courage

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25
What is the importance of measuring things?
Track progress Judge success Aline activities with goals Garner support and credibility
26
What are 5 domains suggested by Langworthy?
Impact Domain Process Domain Community Assessment Domain Organizational Health Community Context
27
What is the impact domain?
How might intended police effects on the environment can be measured
28
What is the process domain?
How might police know if they are doing their work as they should
29
What is the community assessment domain?
How might public assessment of police’s performance be measured?
30
What is the organization health domain?
How might police departments know if their employees are satisfied
31
What is the community context domain
Police organizations monitor changes in the work environment that impeded or promote their ability to achieve goals
32
How can you impact crime…Bratton?
Better management Higher expectations Better strategies
33
How can you impact crime…Kelling?
Public confidence matters Acts that do not result in arrest or documentation often are not counted
34
What is the same between Public/Private Organizations?
Entrusted with assets Human Resource issues
35
What are the differences between Public and Private Organizations?
Source of money Discretion Authorizing Authority Performance Management
36
What is the idea of public value?
A normative and practical guide for those in position of executive authority in government Public managers are to deploy publicly owned assets to create public value
37
What purpose does public value have for purposefulness in management?
Public Value clarifies what they are trying to produce
38
What are the three parts of the strategic triangle?
Public Value, Operational Capacity, Legitimacy and Support
39
What is the strategic triangle used for?
Help Public Leaders develop strong, achievable propositions. Diagnose your local environment
40
What is the downside of the Strategic Triangle?
Leaders are inclined to limit their thinking to the “what to do”…public value circle
41
What is mobilization of Law?
Process by which the legal system acquires it’s cases (how law is set into motion)
42
What are two types of mobilization?
Reactive and proactive
43
What is reactive mobilization?
Citizen sets the legal process into motion (calls for service)
44
What is proactive mobilization?
The State initiates legal action upon it’s own authority
45
How does mobilization affect Legal Intelligence?
Reactive Mobilization has responsibility on the citizens
46
What is the downside of reactive mobilization?
Cases come in one at a time and tends to hide the true impact
47
Is prevention of crime strong in a reactive system?
No
48
What is availability of law?
The Citizens have access to the law
49
Is the reactive system of law entrepreneurial in nature? Why?
Yes, because citizens will act in their own self interests
50
Is the proactive mobilization system considered to be the welfare model? Why?
Yes, law is being applied by the government for the good of citizens
51
What are anti mobilization norms?
Norm that discourages mobilizing social control, larger impact on reactive system
52
What is discretion?
Allows agent in charge flexibility
53
What are the effects of discretion in a reactionary system?
Puts discretion in the hands of citizens Moral Standards of citizens shape case Citizens unknowingly engage in selective law enforcement
54
Does a reactive or proactive system shape discrimination?
No, but it does shape where the possible discrimination may come from
55
How does a reactive system allow average citizens to be discriminatory?
Citizens report activity through their biases, discrimination, and paradigms
56
How does a proactive system allow discriminatory?
Law is created based on actor’s own prejudices
57
Is the law dynamic (changing)?
Yes
58
What is one thing that can change the law?
A moral change in the population
59
Proactive systems is not as easily adaptable to changes in citizen morality? (T/F)
True
60
Reactive system is not as easily adaptable to a change in citizen morality (T/F)
True..things change when police are sent
61
Can planned action change laws? (T/F)
True
62
Why is a reactive system harder to change in a planned fashion?
More resistant to centrally directed change
63
Why is a proactive system more willingly to planned change?
It’s under the authority of the planners themselves
64
What are the findings for the “Police violence and citizen crime reporting in the black community”
CFS went up slightly after a police violence situation NO shift immediately after event (non publicized) After publication: CFS went down Effect diminished over time Violent crime calls diminished as well Decline lasted longer in black areas Traffic Accident Calls increased…indicating no larger force for general decline
65
What is confirmation bias?
Search for information that support our beliefs, ignore supporting different facts
66
What is Fundamental Attribution Error?
Focuses on how we judge others Overestimate the individuals behavior is determined by their characteristics and ignore their environment
67
What is Bias Blind Spot?
Less likely to detect biases in ourselves then others
68
What is anchoring effect?
Tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information offered
69
What is representatives heuristic?
Judging the likelihood of something by considering how well it matches to a particular category
70
What is projection bias?
We see our own choices as typical and common. We see others as unusual and even deviant.
71
What is “Choice Architecture”?
How information is presented to you. The design of your environment which you make a choice.
72
Does presentation matter in “Choice Architecture”?
Yes
73
What is a nudge?
Any aspect of “choice archeture” that changes people in a predictable way
74
What were the outcomes of Behavioral Nudges in NYC FTA problem?
1) Redesigned form had an impact 2) Sending reminder texts had a positive impact 3) Avoided 30,000 warrants being issued
75
What are the three methods used to calculate the cost of crime?
Accounting based Contingent valuation Hedonic valuation
76
What is accounting based practices when determine cost of crime?
Attempts to identify all costs involved
77
What is contingent valuation in methods of calculation of crime costs?
Use of survey (however unreliable), asks people what they’re willing to pay for a reduction of crime.
78
What is hedonistic valuation pertaining to calculating the cost of crime?
Captures tangible and intangible costs. Uses the prices and location of housing in different neighborhoods..location, location, location
79
What are the three general types of cost associated with crime?
Anticipation costs Direct consequence of crime Costs in response to crime
80
What were the conclusions of the Kansas City Model?
Decreasing or Increasing routine preventive patrol had no effect on crime Showed there was slack in the system Criminals assumed it was status quo
81
What were the findings of the San Diego patrol staffing study?
Overall performance of 1 & 2 person squad cars were relatively the same Lower resisting arrest charges in 2 person cars
82
Are clearance rates a good measure of success?
No, administrative discretion is high, variations in practice across departments
83
What’s the most important factor of solving cases?
Initial information from the responding Officer
84
What are the three types of responses police problems receive?
Emotional, Political, Affective
85
What is an emotional response to a police problem?
Common sense programs that should intuitively work
86
What is a political response to a law enforcement problem?
Programs implemented on a mandate, usually after a high profile occurrence
87
What is an affective response to a police problem?
Programs based on tested research to either “cause and effect” or “correlations”
88
What was tied directly to the satisfaction with the responding officer?
Response time
89
What affected the attitudes toward police?
Satisfaction with the responding officer
90
Did response time have an affect on Part 1 Index Crimes (Property)
No, most property crimes were reported after
91
Why do citizens take so long to mobilize?
Apathy Call another person Injury Think police are to busy
92
What is the significance of Million Dollar Murray?
Small number of chronic people contribute to higher costs
93
What is normal distribution?
Bulk of the problem situated in the middle

Hughes Test 1 (1 decks)

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