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criminal Justice > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Criminal Law

A

Laws that define criminal acts and how such acts will be punished

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2
Q

Three Strikes Law

A

A crime control strategy whereby an officer who commits three or more violent offenses will be sentenced to a lengthy term in prison: Usually 25 years

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3
Q

Arrest

A

: The taking into custody or detaining of one who is suspected of committing a crime

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4
Q

Prosecution

A

(Lawyer for police officer and victim) To bring charges against an individual based on probable cause

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5
Q

Adjunction

A

Legal resolution of a dispute by s judge or jury. Used in Juvenile processes

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6
Q

Arraignment

A

: Accused informed of charges, advised of rights of criminal defendants, asked to enter a plea to the charges

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7
Q

Sanction

A

Punishment

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8
Q

Appellate Review

A

Following trial and sentencing, a defendant may appeal his or her conviction or sentence by requesting that a higher court review the arrest and trial

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9
Q

Death Penalty cases

A

Automatic appeals of conviction

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10
Q

Corrections

A

: Offenders sentenced to incarceration serve time in a local jail or state prison

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11
Q

Indeterminate sentence

A

Scheme whereby one is sentenced for a flexible time period (e.g 5-10 years) to be released when rehabilitated or when the opportunity for rehabilitation is presented

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12
Q

Determinate sentence

A

: A specific, fixed-period sentence ordered by a court (8 years)

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13
Q

Parole

A

: Early release from prison, with conditions attached and under supervision of a parole agency. Prisoner may become eligible for parole after serving a portion of indeterminate sentence

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14
Q

State offenses

A
  • such as truancy and running away
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15
Q

Ethics

A

: A set of rules or values that spell out appropriate human conduct

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16
Q

State Decisis

A

: Latin for “to stand by a decision”, Precedent

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17
Q

Mens Rea

A

Intent

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18
Q

Atus Reus

A

The act

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19
Q

criminal law

A

: Body of law defines criminal offenses and prescribes punishments for their infractions

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20
Q

Motive

A

The reason for committing a crime

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21
Q

Felony

A

: A serious offense with a possible sentence of more than a year in prison

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22
Q

Civil law

A

: All noncriminal law, applies to civil matters

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23
Q

Misdemeanor

A

A lesser offense, punishable by a fine or up to one year in local jail.

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24
Q

Plaintiff

A

Party bringing a lawsuit or initiating a legal action against someone else

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25
Q

Defendant

A

: A person charged with a crime

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26
Q

Victimless crimes

A
  • called these since many involve consensual activates or do not involve clearly identifiable victims
27
Q

NCVS- (National Crime Victimization Survey)

A

A random survey of U.S households that measures crimes committed against victims: includes crimes not reported to police

28
Q

Burden of proof

A

Requirement state must meet to introduce evidence or establish facts. Which is beyond a reasonable doubt

29
Q

White Collar crime

A

Crimes committed by individuals in the course of their professions or occupations

30
Q

NIBRS

A

The national incident based- reported system

31
Q

Reasonable Doubt

A

Standard used by jurors to arrive at a verdict, whether or not the government (prosecutor) has established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt

32
Q

Sustantive Law

A

: Body of law that spells out elements of criminal acts. (What is underaged drinking- spelled out)

33
Q

Crime Rate

A

The number of reported crimes divided by the population of the jurisdiction, and multiplied by 100,000 persons; developed and used by the FBI Uniform Crime Reports

34
Q

Procedural Law

A

Rules that set forth how substantive laws are to be enforced. Laws concerning arrest, search and seizure are to be enforced

35
Q

UCR

A

Collects crimes reported to the police

36
Q

Legal Jurisdiction

A

The authority to make legal decisions and judgements, often based on geographic area (territory) or the type of case in question

37
Q

Hierarchy Rule

A

: The practice whereby only the most serious offense of several that are committed during a criminal act is reported by the police

38
Q

Ethics

A

moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity

39
Q

Absolute Ethics

A
  • The type of ethics where there are only two sides-good bad; black or white
40
Q

Relative Ethics

A

The gray area of ethics that is not so clear cut

41
Q

Gratuities

A

-it is the receipt of some benefit either for free or for a reduced price

42
Q

Police Corruption

A
  • Misconduct by police officers that can involve but is not limited to illegal activities for economic gain, gratuities, favors, and so on
43
Q

Slippery slope

A
  • It is the idea that a small first step can lead to more serious behaviors
44
Q

prosecutorial misconduct

A

when in the course of their official duties a prosecutor violates a law or code of professional conduct

45
Q

Robbery

A

the action of taking property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force.

46
Q

Burglary

A

entry into a building illegally with intent to commit a crime, especially theft.

47
Q

Carjacking

A
  • A person commits a felony of the first degree if he steals or takes motor vehicle from another person in the presence of that person or any other person in lawful possession of the motor vehicle.
48
Q

First amendment

A

The United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference

49
Q

Second amendment

A

“A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

50
Q

The thin blue line

A

the line which keeps society from descending into violent chaos

51
Q

Justice of the Peace/ District Magistrate

A
  • Minor justice official who oversees lesser criminal trials
52
Q

Sherrif

A
  • Chief law enforcement officer of a country
53
Q

Constable

A

Forerunners of the modern-day U.S criminal justice functionaries

54
Q

Coroner

A

Early English court officer, duty to determine cause of heath. In US usually a physician

55
Q

Political Era

A

Officers hired more on who they knew rather than what they knew

56
Q

Reform Era

A

Policing became a matter viewed as best left to the discretion of police executives

57
Q

Community Era

A

Police retrained to work with community to solve problems through tailored response to underlying causes

58
Q

Civil Service System

A

created to eliminate patronage and ward influences in hiring and firing

59
Q

Coast Guard

A

Nation’s leading maritime law enforcement
agency

60
Q

Municipal police

A

-provide a range of enforcement, investigative, and order-maintenance functions

61
Q

Federal Law Enforcement agencies

A

Department of Justice headed by attorney general

62
Q

August Volmer and what he is famous for

A

his career was a major factor in the shaping and development of police professionalism

63
Q

Chain of Command

A

Vertical and horizontal power relations within an organization

criminal Justice (1 decks)

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