Test 1 Flashcards
Nuclear family
Two generational household unit consisting of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or stepchildren
Ethnic group
A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin that contributes to a sense of shared identity
Historical Generation
A group of people strongly influenced by major historical event during their formative period
Imprinting
Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal farms in attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother
Critical period
Specific time and in which a given event or its absence has a profound or specific to impact on development
Heredity
Inborn characteristics inherited from the biological parents
Operant conditioning
Learning based on association of behaviour with its consequences.
Classical conditioning
Learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinary illicit the particular response with another stimulus that does elicit a response
Assimilation
Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.
Accommodation
Piaget’s term for adjustment to new information about the environment.
Scaffolding
Temporary support to help a child master a task.
Correlational study
Research design intended to discover weather statusical relationship between variables exist.
Longitudinal study
Study designed to assess changes in a sample overtime.
Cross sectional study
Study designed age related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion
Zygote
One celled organism resulting from fertilization.
Mitosis
The process by which a cell replicated chromosomes and then segregate them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.
Meiosis
A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes.
Artificial insemination
A procedure for treating infertility by directly injecting sperm into the uterus.
Homozygous
Possessing two identical alleles for a trait.
Heterozygous
Possessing different alleles for a trait.
Epigenesis
Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of a person
Genotype
Generic makeup of a person, containing both expressed unexpressed characteristics
Cephalocaudal
Development proceeds in a head to tail direction; that is, the other parts of the body develop before lower parts of the truck.
Proximodistal
Development proceeds from within to without; that is, the parts of the body near the centre develop before the extremities.
Teratogens
Environmental agent, such as virus, drugs, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and caused developmental abnormalities.
Amniocentesis
A test run during pregnancy; during amniocentesis, an ultrasound wand (transducer) Is used to show a baby’s position in the uterus on a monitor, and a sample of amniotic fluid, which contains foetal cells and chemicals produced by the baby, it’s been taken for testing, used for genetic condition testing
Episiotomy
A cut/incision made in the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus during childbirth; it is rarely use nowadays but used to be standard procedure.
Breech
When a baby is lying in the uterus bottom or feet first.
Transverse
When a baby is Positioned horizontally rather than vertically in the uterus.
Caesarean
Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.
Neonatal
First four weeks of life, a timer transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
Kangaroo care
Method of skin to skin contact in which the newborn is laid on the mother or father’s chest
Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum is the primary commercial region of the brain consisting of white matter tracks that connect the left and right cerebral hemisphere is, allowing both sides of the brain to communicate.
Cell death
In brain development, normal elimination of exercise to achieve more efficient brain function.
Fine motor development
Physical skills that involve the small muscles and hand eye coordination.
Gross motor development
Physical skills that involves the large muscles
Circular reaction
Piaget’s Term for behaviours performed by an infant that stimulate their own repetition; example, thumbsucking.
Secondary circular reaction
Action get a response from another person or object, leading to babies repeating the original action; example, cooing to get attention.
Tertiary circular response
Action getS a pleasing result, leading baby to experiment with similar actions to get similar results.
Habituation
Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
Dishabituation
Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.
Working memory
Short term storage information being actively produced.
Telegraphic speech
Early form of sentence consisting of only a few essential words
Secure attachment
Pattern in which an infant is quickly and effectively able to find comfort from a caregiver when faced with a stressful situation.
Avoidant attachment
Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return.
Social referencing
Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another persons perception of it.
Stranger wariness
Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants between six and 12 months
Nightmares
A bad dream, sometimes brought up by staying up too late, eating a heavy meal too close to bedtime, or over excitement.
Night terrors
Abrupt awakening from a deep sleep in a state of agitation
