Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 182 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Grouping of similar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure with a particular function, made up of 1 or more tissue types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main tissue types? What are their functions?

A

Epithelial—secretion/barrier
Muscle—force/movement
Nervous—information transport/processing
Connective—structure/support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

When the body maintains internal equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the set point?

A

The reference value for the variable you are trying to regulate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the comparator?

A

It recognizes when we move to and from a set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are regulatory systems and what do they do?

A

They obtain, integrate and process information and issue commands to effectors. Muscles and glands are considered effectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

Information is used to counteract the influence that created an error signal. A thermostat for example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

It amplifies a response and increases deviation from a set point. Ex—breastfeeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism and why?

A

Breastfeeding because nerve cells in your nipple signal the brain to release oxytocin, oxytocin causes muscle in breast to contract, breast milk is ejected out of your milk ducts, your baby suckles, and repeat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the process of eating too many gummy bears in relation to glucose.

A

The level of glucose in your body increases greatly which then causes the Beta cells in your pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream and insulin receptors in the liver receive the signal and take up glucose converting it into glucagon for storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do temperatures of hotter than 45°C (113°F) and colder than 0°C (32°F) do to the body?

A

In those hotter temperatures, protein degradation occurs and in the colder temperatures, cellular dehydration occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are heat shock proteins (HSP)?

A

They are proteins that protect the cell from losing integrity by helping them retain protein folding and helping them renature in the face of cell stress/heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are isozymes?

A

They are enzymes that have the same function but may have different tolerances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are isoforms?

A

Non-enzymes that have the same function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does Q10 describe?

A

It describes how sensitive a metabolic or physiological process is to temperature change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metabolism vs. Temperature rise

A

Metabolism which is a chemical process that helps a body sustain life is faster as temperature rises.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are homeotherms?

A

They maintain constant body temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are poikilotherms?

A

They have fluctuating body temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are endotherms?

A

They change metabolic rate to regulate temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

They depend on environment to regulate temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the avenues of heat exchange used by ectotherms and endotherms?

A

Radiation—heat transfer via infrared radiation from warmer to cooler areas
Conduction—heat transfer between objects in direct contact
Convection—heat transfer with a surrounding medium such as air or water
Evaporation—heat transfer as water converts to gas (ex. sweating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The constriction of blood vessels that service the skin to reduce heat loss. The goal is to keep you warmer!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Increased blood flow to the skin increases heat loss and lowers body temperature. This is to make yourself cool down!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are hot fishes?

A

They use blood flow to keep temperature warmer than water. They use countercurrent heat exchange through large peripheral arteries near returning veins to keep heat within the muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is piloerection?

A

When there is a thick layer of air trapped in feathers/hair that reduces heat loss to surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

It is where metabolic rate is independent of temperature. Metabolic rate is measured by consumption of O2 or production of CO2. An endotherms thermoneutral zone is bounded by upper and lower critical temperatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

It is the metabolic rate of a resting animal at a temperature in the thermoneutral zone. The animal is consuming just enough energy to carry out minimal body functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is shivering heat?

A

It is when skeletal muscles contract, turn ATP to ADP, release heat to warm you up when you are cold or generate fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain brown fat

A

Brown fat is packed with mitochondria to generate non-shivering heat which is a process that warms you up without the contraction of the skeletal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is thermogenin (UCP1)?

A

Is it a mitochondrial carrier protein found in brown fat and it is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the brain’s thermoregulatory system?

A

The hypothalamus because it can lead to heat production as well as heat loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is TRPV1?

A

It is a protein that recognizes heat and pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is PIEZO2?

A

It is a protein that allows your body to sense movement and deals with touch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is daily torpor?

A

When small endotherms lower body temperature and metabolic rate during inactive periods to conserve energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe peptide/protein hormones

A

These hormones are water-soluble
They can circulate freely
Can be stored in vesicles and released through exocytosis
They bind to external binding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

They are lipophilic
Ex. Aldosterone and testosterone
They often deal with intracellular receptors where they bind to and begin transcription
They are not stored, they are made when they are needed
They need help to travel to different parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

It is a steroid hormone that stimulates absorption of sodium by the kidneys and regulates water and salt balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is cortisol?

A

It is the primary stress hormone to help regulate your body’s response to stress. It increases glucose in the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe amine hormones

A

They can be lipophilic or water-soluble
Tyrosine is essential for the production of epinephrine and thyroxine
Epinephrine is water-soluble
Thyroxine is lipophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

It is an amine hormone that is lipophilic. It plays an important roll in heart and digestive function, metabolism, brain development, bone health and muscle control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Also known as adrenaline. Plays an important role in your body’s fight or flight response. Has more of an effect on your heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

Also called noradrenaline. Involved in fight or flight. Stress triggers the release of it. Has more of an effect on your blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

State the different functions of prolactin

A

Stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production
Regulates salt balance
Stimulates production of egg jelly that surrounds the egg during fertilization
Stimulates nesting, incubation behavior and parental care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the characteristics of the nervous system?

A

Fast
Can turn off quickly
It can rapidly communicate complex information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

Slow
Has to diffuse and circulate
Longer, but more sustained effects

47
Q

Describe the posterior pituitary

A

It stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin that is produced in the hypothalamus

48
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

-It stimulates uterine contractions -Stimulates contractions of epithelial cells around the alveolar ducts (milk flow)
-The love and bonding hormone

49
Q

Describe the anterior pituitary

A

-Synthesizes and secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone, prolactin, endorphins and growth hormone
-Releases various tropic (acts on another gland) hormones such as thyrotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone, and gonadotropins

50
Q

What is vasopressin/ADH?

A

-It increases water retained by the kidneys
-Causes constriction of peripheral blood vessels to elevate blood pressure

51
Q

What is the luteinizing hormone?

A

Females—triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
Makes—stimulates production of testosterone

52
Q

What is follicle stimulating hormone?

A

Females—stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles
Males—stimulates spermatogenesis

53
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A

They induce the release of hormones from the pituitary.

54
Q

What are releasing inhibiting hormones?

A

They block the release of hormones from the pituitary.

55
Q

What is the portal system?

A

A major artery feeds the hypothalamus then to the pituitary.

56
Q

What does the thyroid release?

A

It releases T3, T4 and calcitonin. Calcitonin is involved in blood calcium regulation and T4 (thyroxine) regulates metabolism

57
Q

What happens when Ca2+ is too low?

A

The parathyroid gland releases PTH. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts cause calcium release from bone to blood

58
Q

What happens when Ca+2 is too high?

A

Calcitonin is released from the thyroid. Osteoblasts take up calcium to form new bone.

59
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium.

60
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1°C.

61
Q

What three things does diet need to provide?

A

Chemical energy to carry out cellular processes. Organic raw materials. Essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals.

62
Q

What is amylase?

A

The breakdown of carbs to sugars when released from the salivary glands.

63
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Waves of muscle contractions that move food toward the stomach.

64
Q

What is chyme?

A

The mixture of gastric juices and partly digested food.

65
Q

Where does the most digestion occur?

A

In the duodenum

66
Q

Where does the most absorption occur in the stomach?

A

In the jejunum and ileum

67
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

It carries nutrient rich blood to the liver for storage or conversion.

68
Q

What is adipose?

A

Connective tissues storing fat/excess fuel

69
Q

Why is the liver important in regulating fuel homeostasis?

A

It is the organ involved in the storage of glucose

70
Q

Why is the hypothalamus important in regulating fuel homeostasis?

A

This regulatory system integrates information about fuel state and mobilizes controlled systems as needed.

71
Q

What is satiety?

A

It is the state of feeling satisfied with consumption.

72
Q

What is leptin?

A

It let’s your brain know you’re in a post absorptive state.

73
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

It decreases satiety and lets you know you are hungry.

74
Q

Where is K+ mainly concentrated?

A

Inside the cells

75
Q

Where is Na+ and Cl- mainly concentrated?

A

Outside the cell

76
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

Particles in a fluid

77
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

A higher concentration of particles outside the cell which cause the cell to shrink.

78
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Lower concentration of particles outside of the cells causes the cell to swell.

79
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Same particle concentration. No net water movement.

80
Q

What does osmosis do?

A

It causes water to enter and leave the cells.

81
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A tiny filtration system in the kidney. So many of them!

82
Q

What is the excretory system?

A

Organs that control volume, concentration and composition of extracellular fluid.

83
Q

What is filtration?

A

Removes cells and large molecules

84
Q

What is secretion?

A

Modifies the filtrate (fluid collected)

85
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Concentrates the urine

86
Q

What is Bowman’s Capsule?

A

Part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus. The capsule helps the glomerulus to filter blood.

87
Q

What is excretion?

A

To get rid of waste material from the blood, tissues or organs by a normal discharge of sweat, urine or stool.

88
Q

What is the process of the excretory system?

A

Body fluid is collected and filtered in the glomerulus, composition of collected fluid is adjusted in the renal tubular and remaining substance is excreted.

89
Q

What is the osmoregulator?

A

Controls internal osmolarity independent of environment.

90
Q

What is osmolarity

A

The number of solutes in a solutuon

91
Q

What is hypoosmotic?

A

Maintaining osmolarity with a lesser concentration of solute in the solution. Freshwater compared to salt water.

92
Q

What is hyperosmotic?

A

Maintaining osmolarity with a higher concentration of solute in a solution. Saltwater compared to freshwater.

93
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

They do not actively adjust internal osmolarity, so there ECF is not necessarily the same composition.

94
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tube?

A

—Section of the nephron between bowman’s capsule and loop of henle
—Most reabsorption of water and solutes occurs in the PCT
—Glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in PCT

95
Q

What is the Loop of Henle?

A

It maintains concentration gradient in the ECF of the medulla

96
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

-They are blood vessels in the medulla
-Blood flowing down the descending vasa loses water and gains solutes
-Blood flowing up the ascending vasa recta gains water and loses solutes

97
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tube?

A

-The DVT and collecting duct finetunes urine composition
-Water reabsorption

98
Q

What is the effect of the length of the loop of Henle on urine concentration?

A

Long loops result in very concentrated urine and short loops result in less concentrated urine.

99
Q

What are endothelial cells?

A

They line the capillaries of the glomerulus and are fenestrated (have tiny holes)

100
Q

What is bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

A

Major buffer in blood and regulates pH systemically.

101
Q

What does H+ do in the excretory system?

A

The kidneys remove H+ and add HCO3- when the blood becomes too acidic

102
Q

What is GFR?

A

-Glomerular filtration rate is regulated
-A constant GFR requires that blood is supplied to the kidneys under adequate pressure
-A pair of kidneys filters 180L per day

103
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure.

104
Q

What is renin?

A

A hormone dealing with blood pressure.

105
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination.

106
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Buildup of glucose in the blood.

107
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas does not produced insulin

108
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Cells become insulin resistant

109
Q

What is urea?

A

A substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver.

110
Q

What is the equation for partial pressure?

A

PO2=Ptotal x molar fraction of 02
If dry air is 20.9% O2, the PO2 of 02 at sea level is 0.209x760mmHg=159mmHg

111
Q

What is the total atmospheric pressure?

A

760mmHg

112
Q

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion? And what is the equation?

A

It describes the diffusion rate for gas exchange.

Q=DA((P1-P2)/L)
Rate of diffusion=diffusion coefficient(area over which diffusion occurs)((partial pressure of gas in the mixture)/path length

113
Q

What is the correlation between atmospheric pressure and altitude?

A

As atmospheric pressure is higher, altitude is lower. As atmospheric pressure is lower, altitude is higher.

Biology 182 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions