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Archaeology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudo-archaeology

A

the idea that myth, casual, observation or opinion NOT SUPPORTED by evidence is equally valid as dedicated evidence based understanding of the past

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2
Q

public and archaeology

A

public is interest in the past
pop shows do a poor job of depicting real discovery

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3
Q

archaeology

A

The scientific and systematic study of human groups and their culture through material remains
-deal with only part of cultures materials
only see what survives long-tern burial (unless preserved)

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4
Q

artifact

A

any portable object that is made, modified or used by human beings (non portable are hearts, post holes, etc)

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5
Q

ecofact

A

non-artifactual organic and environmental remains which have cultural relevance (soils, plants, fauna (animals), residues, chemical remains)

CARBONIZATION AIDS PRESERVATION

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6
Q

Archaeological Sites

A

A distinct spatial clustering
of artifacts, features,
structures, and organic and
environmental remains
-min requirement in AR is 3 artifcats

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7
Q

taphonomy

A

study of site formation
cultural (humans)
natural (change or preservation, roots, rodents, insects (bioturbation), soil)

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8
Q

matrix

A

the material
surrounding an archaeological
find

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9
Q

provenience

A

the position of
the material within a matrix

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10
Q

association

A

its spatial and
temporal relationship with
other finds

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11
Q

law of superposition

A

lower soil layers always deposited first

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12
Q

Exception of law of superposition

A

reversed stratigraphy

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13
Q

Good preservation

A

extremely wet (castilla elastica in aztec lands)
extremely cold (Otzi, Italian Alps)

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14
Q

older known murder victim

A

otzi, arrow embedded in left shoulder

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15
Q

skeletal morphology

A

habitual bipedalism: spine, pelvis, foot, cranial attachment
manual dexterity
cranial capacity
thicker enamel

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16
Q

Laetoli, Tanzania

A

2-3 bipedial hominin
volcanic ash dates to 3.5 mya

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17
Q

Indirect evidence of evolution

A

technology: tool use, fire, clothing, modification of environment
culture: social groups, lang, art, abstract

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18
Q

stone should have these qualities

A

homogeneity
elasticity
isotropic ( no cleavage planes)
highly siliceous

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19
Q

fracture mechanics

A

conchodial fracture when struck
waves of force travel out

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20
Q

hertzian cone

A

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz documented the cone shaped fracture patterns in
fine grained materials

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21
Q

Lomekwi

A

OLDEST, Australopithecine ca. 3.3 mya

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22
Q

Oldowan

A

2nd oldest ,ca. 2.6-1 mya (homo habilis) hard hammer, cobble and flake tools

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23
Q

Achuelan

A

3rd oldest ca. 1-.3 mya, homo errectus, soft hammer
1 mill years ago, bifacial tools

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24
Q

mousterian

A

4th oldest, levallois technique, ca. 200-35 kybp, homo neanderthalensis and sapiens, soft hammer, evidence of hafting

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25
Q

upper palaeolithic to recent

A

homo sapiens, punch and hammer, pressure flaking, more efficient,

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26
Q

what does flaking show about cognition

A

Planning
* Anticipating need
* developing cognition & localized
mental-maps
* Small home territories

27
Q

tool making hands

A

precision grip, makes tool making and use possible

28
Q

challenges of first homo habilis model

A

tools found in dried river bed
kenya
3.3 mill years ago
first tool was not homo
Australopithecus Sediba has tool using hands
The point of these recent challenges is that the species who first used stone tools is far from resolved

29
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A

large brain takes a lot of energy
comes at expense of energy elsewhere in human bio

30
Q

levallois technique

A

conscious effort to conserve material, planning reduction sequence, shows cognitive abilities

31
Q

lascaux cave france

A

Walls and ceilings covered by herds of
animal paintings and hunt scenes
-mostly herbivores (Bison, horse, deer,
and cattle)
-deep recesses of the cave have
dangerous animals (lions, bears, and
woolly rhinos)

32
Q

remote sensing

A

identifying archaeological features w/o actually visiting the site

33
Q

aerial photography

A

simplest form of remonte sensing

34
Q

multispectral satellite imagery

A

every grid square contains multiple bands to rep diff wavelengths of the light spectrum

35
Q

RGB color channels

A

computers, printers use this to display color

36
Q

LiDAR

A

Light Detection and Ranging
lase sends signal to the ground and return signal when it hits object
light travels at constant rate
millions of laser pulses

37
Q

Watson Brake and Poverty Point

A

isolated sites (1st)

38
Q

Adena

A

Ohio River Valley, Woodland Period

39
Q

Hopewell

A

ORV (after adena), focused on burial, rapid expansion of trade, increasing status diff
astronomy, calendrics

40
Q

Mississippian culture

A

south E, after hopewell
platfors for temples, rigid social class (divine rank)

41
Q

Beg. of woodland culture

A

earliest mounds tend to be burials for important indiv. who ACHIEVE STATUS IN THEIR LIVES

42
Q

Accretional construction

A

built stages over time to accomodate relatives of lineage

43
Q

Ethnographic Example

A
  • Mapuche, South America
    (Dillehay 1990)
  • Renewal ceremony when a
    new layer of earth is laid
    down over mounds
  • Opportunity for political action
     Shamanic rituals
     Leaders coordinating
    invitations and feasts
     Alliance making
  • Community Building
  • Territorial claims
44
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

Domestication of Plants and Animals
initiated global transition from mobile
hunting-gathering to:
1. Shift to agriculture (food production)
2. Surplus and storage
3. Sedentary villages and towns
4. Changes in social organization
a) Not just kin relations
5. Early development of social inequality

45
Q

Environmental Changes

A
  • Holocene warming and more
    stable
  • Melting glaciers = more
    running water world wide and
    CO2
  • New climate = new and
    widespread habitats for plants
  • Extinction of Pleistocene
    animals
  • Global populations growing
46
Q

Domestication of Plants

A
  • Humans take over for other natural
    forces in selection
  • Adapted for human use
  • Genetic changes
  • More edible grains per stalk
  • Larger grains
  • Easier to process (husk or hull)
  • Needs humans to reproduce (codependence
47
Q

why did humans shift to plants?

A

population pressure to develop
CRITICISM: Humans aren’t just
animals reacting to environmental
conditions, humans take more
active role
social uses are overproduction leads to surplus for feasts and ceremonies
CRITICISM: This was used as a
critique of environmental
determinism, but really went too
far, can’t discount the environment

48
Q

fertile crescent

A

Abundant wild grasses
* Abundant flowing water,
but source of water far off
* Rivers and floodplains
somewhat circumscribed

49
Q

domestication of wheat

A

A Wild wheat
B Easily detached seed
of wild wheat
C Brittle Rachis in wild
wheat, easily detaches
from stalk
D Non-brittle rachis in
domesticated wheat
requires human
intervention to break
from stalk

50
Q

neolithic A

A

Initial occupation 10,500-10,000 BC
* Began as hunter-gatherers
* Small round structures, wooden frames
* Using wild wheat and rye
* Thrive disturbed environments (brittle rachis!)
* Makes availability predictable
* Cold snap (younger Dryas) caused aridification and
500-year abandonmen

51
Q

neolithic B

A
  • Reoccupied ~9,500 BC
  • More substantial investment
    in housing
  • Sedentism
  • Still wild plant use at first
  • Gradually more domesticates
  • Sheep
  • Emmer
  • Rye
  • Wheat
  • Lentils
  • From wild use to
    domesticated = ~3000 years
52
Q

tel in jericho

A
  • A “tel” is a large
    mound built
    accretionally where
    one occupation is
    built atop the remains
    of a previous one
53
Q

non residential struct in jericho

A

City walls (by 8000 BC)
* Defensive?
* Flood protection?
* Original walls abandoned ~7200
BC

54
Q

ancestor worship

A
  • Burials below house floors
  • some headless
  • “skull retrieval”
  • Lineages (corporate group)
  • Collectively own wealth
55
Q

burials of catalhoyuk

A

Communal burials
* Skull reburials
* Children with grave goods
* Possibly indicating inherited
status
* Burials within houses not necessarily
biologically related (Larson et al.
2005)

56
Q

bad year economics

A

Fear of food shortfall drives human
groups to produce more then they
need
* This results in a surplus of grain
* Storage features or pits in the ground

57
Q

jihua china

A
  • Medicinal
  • More nutritious
    than bread!
  • Feasting
  • Recreational
    benefits
58
Q

ritual feasting

A

Feasting = political
action
* Form social alliances
* Create social debt
* Advertising social
similarities or
differences
* Also social and
economic implications
of preparing alcohol

59
Q

chicha production

A

Chicha mass produced for
feasts
* Takes a lot of prep & labor
* Challenge for elite to
coordinate
* Generalized Reciprocity
* Giving a gift
* Or Invitation to a feast
* Vague notions of what should
be given in return
* Delay
* “Competitive generosity”
creates social debt!
* The more debt you are owed,
the more labor and wealth
potential you command

60
Q

hopewell mounds

A

Continued focus on burials
* Rapid expansion of trade networks
* Some evidence for intergroup-conflict, but relatively limite

61
Q

mississippian periods

A

Mississippian = platforms
for temples, elite
residences
* Difference indicates more
rigid social classes
 Institutionalized authority
 Divine right to status, wealth,
and rank

62
Q

costly signaling

A

Idea that social difference
is established and
maintained by conspicuous
consumption and
ostentatious display
 Wasteful from a practical view

63
Q

dunning krueger

A

effect occurs when a person’s lack of knowledge and skills in a certain area cause them to overestimate their own competence.

64
Q

• In all of human history, what percentage of human groups have been agricultural based societies?

A

95%

Archaeology (1 decks)

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