test 1

Question 1

The moral right action is

Answer 1

Ethical

Question 2

general normative ethics

Answer 2

• Want to answer which moral normal for guidance and evaluation of conduct should we accept and why

Question 3

moral theories

Answer 3

Moral theories
1) Explanation of what makes an action right or what makes a person or thing good
2) Not all theories are of equal work need to find what is best
 Use moral adequacy to theories

Question 4

3 critter for moral theories

Answer 4

1) Consistency with considered judgements
2) Consistency with our moral experiences
3) Usefulness in moral problem solving

Question 5

consequentialist theory

Answer 5

ethical egotism and utilitarianism

Question 6

ethical egoism and criticism

Answer 6

 :ethical if produces the most favourable balance of good and evil for oneself
 Says we should act in our own self interests
 Humans by nature are selfish
 Difference in psychological and ethical egoism

Criticism:
1) Psychological egoism is implausible
2) Egoism is not a moral principle
3) Gives no direction is cases of genuine conflict of interest

Question 7

Utilitarianism and criticism

Answer 7

 :action is right (ethical) if produces most favourable balance of good and evil, everyone considered
act
: morally right action that directly produces the most favourable balance of good and evil everyone considered

rule
: morally right action if a rule is generally followed will produce the most favourable good and evil for everyone involved

Criticism
 Some actions are wrong even if they produce good results
 Utilitarianism is not really workable
 Overlooks considerations of justice and distribution of happiness

Question 8

non consequence

Answer 8

Kantian
virtue
divine command theory
natural law theory

Question 9

Descriptive vs Meta ethics

Answer 9

Descriptive
o Describes ethical practices within societal group
o Principles change over time
o Sociologists analyze

Meta-ethics
o understanding of meaning and function of ethical terms such as good and bad

Question 10

Carrs thoughts on bluffing

Answer 10

• If you want a seat in business world need to master this game
• To be a winner a man must play to win

Question 11

Kantian Ethics and criticism

Answer 11

• deontology
• Two key ideas
  o 1) only good will has ultimate moral value
  o 2) moral rules must be universal and binding for all rational beings
   Who cares if there are 5 important people all people are worth the same
   Everyone’s life is priceless

Criticism
o View of moral worth is too restrictive
o Categorical imperative is not sufficient test of right or wrong
o Find difference between treating people as means and respecting them as ends in themselves may be difficult in practice

Question 12

Kants ethics -onara o neill

Answer 12

• hard to understand
  o Treat other well and not a means to the end
  o Each of our acts reflect on or more maxims
• Maxim (intentions) is the principle on which on sees oneself acting

Question 13

Norman Bowie article

Answer 13

Respect of workers as autonomous agents who can self govern

Question 14

Hochschild

Answer 14

• the working day- Karl Marx
  -child were the instruments of labour
• gives example of airline attendants
  and

Question 15

Bruce Barry

Answer 15

• freedom of expression
  taxonomy of expression
• 1. venue
     
     2. topic
     3. publicness
• Why issue is becoming more important
  o Legal rulings and precedents
  o Changes in the workplace
  o Peoples spending more time at work
  o Advances in tech
  o Growing awareness among researcher and managers
  o US law has not evolved to allow for

Question 16

Virtue ethics and criticism

Answer 16

• :Highlights the role of the agent in moral deliberations
  o Differs from deontology and utilitarianism as they both try to develop universal criteria to classify as morally good or bad
• Our purpose is in part to bring qualities to world, these qualities are our virtues
  o Beauty, courage, trust, loyalty, trust, friendship, honour, and self-conscious

Criticism
- Problem of functional and normative sense of good
- How do we find a completely virtuous person
- How do role models know what to do in difficult situations

Question 17

The good life reading (philosophers, Aristotle, Epicurus, Kant, Solomon)

Answer 17

Aristotle
- Argues that a good life is fundamentally a happy life
- A happy life is one that is full of thoughtfully chosen enduring pleasures (like friendship)
- More in line with utilitarianism consequentialist (be careful as he wrote before was a thing)

Kant
- Good life if about fulfilling duty and doing obligations
Solomon
- “Greed”
- The paradox of greed
o Doing something you think will produce a good life
o How did we get it that we were acting in a greedy way?
o In your work or economic life, if trying to get a good life, want to spend less then you earn
 If have good money management
 Can make us frugal (cheap)
* Can be seen as greedy

Question 18

Meta Ethical Theories

Answer 18

Objectivism
 : view that some moral principles are valid for everyone
* Issue as people do not have same views on everything
* Can come to understand it

Subjective Relativism
 : The view that an action is morally right if one approves of it
* Idea of good and bad is relative to the person
* Issue as we all have different views on what’s good

Emotivism
 : View that moral utterances are neither true nor false but are expressions of emotions or attitudes
* Moral utterance = not good to kill
Cultural Relativism
 : view that an action nis morally right if one’s culture approves of it

Question 19

Cultural relativism

Answer 19

• To many different cultures have different moral codes- has seemed the key to understanding morality
• Idea of universal truth is a myth
• Issue with Kant ethics
  o As not a universal moral code
• Issue with Unitarianism
  o Goes with one culture not another when determining how to get the most people happy

Question 20

Cultural difference argument

Answer 20

1) Different cultures have different moral codes

2) Therefore, there is no objective “truth” in morality. Right and wrong are only matter of opinion, and opinion vary from culture to culture
- On strictly logical terms this is not a valid argument

Question 21

claims of cultural relativism

Answer 21

1. Different societies have different moral codes
   - suicide in some is right

a. We may witness actions we think should not be done
2. There is no objective standard that can be used to judge on societal code better then another
3. The moral code of our own society has no special status; it is merle one among many
4. There is no universal truth in ethics that is there are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times
a. One person is
5. The moral code of society determines what is right in society; certain action is right so it is right, at least within this society
6. It is mere arrogance for us to try to judge the conduct of other peoples, We should adopt an attitude of tolerance toward the practices of other cultures

Question 22

why not to take CR seriously

Answer 22

1) We could no longer say that the customs of other societies are morally inferior
o Argument:
 P1 – People in some cultures have thought that slavery was right
 P2 – Slavery was wrong for those people
 C – Therefore, it is not true that if a culture believes that something is right then it is right for that culture
- (2) We could decide whether actions are right or wrong just by consulting the standards of our society
- (3) The idea of moral progress is called into doubt

Question 23

Mary midgley

Answer 23

moral isolationism
* Can not understand any culture but our own well enough to make judgements on it
* Says makes no sense at all
need to judge other cultures

Question 24

Robert Audi 3 questions for ethics

Answer 24

1. Am I doing the right thing
2. Am I doing it the right way
3. Am I doing it for the right reasons

Question 25

Audi- right based ethics and common sense ethical pluralism

Answer 25

o About respecting freedoms, keeping commitment, and protecting property
o Act based on what we and others think is right
o Negative rights
* Coincide with liberties
o Positive rights
* Entitlement to benefits
o The feeling that one can do more

Pluralism
o People find value in all approaches so use this
o 3 key things of a ethical view
* Happiness
 Pleasure pain and suffering
* Justice
* Freedom
o Prohibit harming others or lying
o Pluralist universalism
* Triple barrelled
 Implies that no specific single standard can be our sole moral guide

Question 26

Tom Regan- Ethics

Answer 26

from greet word ethos meaning character

• personal preference is not ethics
• stats do not make things moral
• all have different moral authorities