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Hormones and Behavior > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral endocrinology

A

scientific study of interaction between hormones and behavior

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2
Q

what influences what in behavior endocrinology

A

hormones can influence behavior and behavior can influence hormones

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3
Q

what is an example of a not good model system

A

humans, ethical issues, these studies are usually correlational

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4
Q

How did hormones affect Jose Canseco

A

He was a baseball player with amazing stats but admitted he used major steorid hormones, his arrest record was also very significant showing the possibility of the steroids affecting his behavior leading to his arrest record

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5
Q

behavior

A

the action carried out by effectors (often muscles) under control of the nervous (or endocrine) system in response to stimulus

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6
Q

what does sensory input lead to

A

integration and then motor output

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7
Q

where does integration occur

A

central nervous system

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8
Q

where does motor output occur

A

peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

Tinbergens 4 questions of behavior

A

Mechanistic
Developmental
Survival Value
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic

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10
Q

which of the questions are considered proximate

A

mechanistic
developmental
DM me for a proximate answer

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11
Q

which questions are considered ultimate

A

Survival Value
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic
sUe Tingergen

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12
Q

what makes something a proximate behavior

A

immediate

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13
Q

what makes something an ultimate behavior

A

longer lasting

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14
Q

mechanism

A

immediate causation, what stimulis elicts the behvaior and what physiologucal mechanims mediate the response
ex: neurons, hormones, stimulis that triggers a behavior to happen

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15
Q

ontogeny

A

development, how does the animals experience during growth and development influence the response? how did this behavior rise over time

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16
Q

adaptation

A

adaptive function, how does this behavior aid in survival and reproduction? why did the behavior evolve

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17
Q

phylogeny

A

evolution, what is the behavior evolutionary history?

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18
Q

example of phylogeny

A

we walk upright, evolved in an ancestor of all common humans

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19
Q

What causes male sonbirds to sing mechanistically?

A

becuase of high level of certain hormones

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20
Q

what causes male songbirds to song ontogeny

A

becuase they learned to sing from their fathers during a critical period of development

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21
Q

what causes male songbirds to sing phylogeny

A

becuase they evolved from a common ancestor that sang

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22
Q

T/F A hypothesis makes sense therefor it is correct

A

FALSE

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23
Q

What does science “do” to a hypohtesis

A

supports or disproves it DOES NOT PORVE

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24
Q

How are correlation and causation related

A

they are not, correlation does not equal causation

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25
Q

anthropomorphism

A

giving human attributes to animals

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26
Q

whatn happens to males and females during a sproting event

A

both have higher levels of testostern but Males increase significantly

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27
Q

what changes for males and females when stressed during an event

A

womans stress levels decrease as the event goes on but male stress levels increaase due to cortisol levels

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28
Q

eunuch

A

men castrated before puberty, used by royalty to gaurd women for other men, made men more pious so they wouldnt engage in sexual behavior, take the testies away and then assume you could change the behavior

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29
Q

castrati

A

men with singing voices euqal to soproanos in range due to castration

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30
Q

what did Bethold find when he castrated chicks, reimplanted and transplated testis

A

castrated ones became capons
the ones that were reimplanted or trasnplanted had normal male nevelopment and behavior

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31
Q

what did betholds experiment demonstrate

A

testes are transplantable organs
transplanted testes can function and produce physiological changes including making the chicks turn into male roosters
testes function is not controlled by the nervous system (he cut the nevrous system connections yet the rooster still developed)

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32
Q

hormones ____ cause behavior to happen; hormones make specific ________ more or less liekly to occur in a specific context

A

do not, behaviors

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33
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger produced and released by endocrine glands, cells that release chemical molecules and go throughout the blood stream and activate a reponse in cells that have a receptor for it

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34
Q

are all neurotransmitters hormones

A

no some are, all hormones are neurotransmitters, but not all neurotransmitters are hormones ****

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35
Q

removal

A

hormonally dependent behavior should disappear when the source of the hormone is removed

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36
Q

replacement

A

hormally dependent behavior should be restored with addition of the hormone

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37
Q

correlation

A

appearance of hormonally dependent behavior should be covariant with hormone concentration

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38
Q

hypothesectomy

A

remove pituitary and restore the hormones, just ebcuase you take away a halnd and bhevaior goes away doesnt mean the hormones control that behvaior

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39
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

endocrine means to release within, network of hormone secreting organs that coordinate homeostatic and physiologic processes including reproduction, development, metabolism growth and behavior

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39
Q

how does he endocrine system work

A

endocrine glands secrete hormones, hormones travel through the circulatory system to target cells, hormones bind to their receptors, triggering cellular repsonse

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40
Q

why does the endocrine system work

A

feedback mechanisms, HPG or T or A axis

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41
Q

what does coordination of biological systems require

A

cell signaling

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42
Q

what do some cells give up and why

A

give up the ability to reproduce in order to help other cells reproduce

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43
Q

T/F hormones can only do one thing

A

False they can do lots of different things in the body once it gets to its target

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44
Q

speed of endocrine system compared to nervous system

A

slow and broad compared to nervous which is fast and targeted

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45
Q

which 2 systems work together

A

nevrous and endocrine

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46
Q

what are the types of cell signaling

A

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine
synaptic
neuroendocrine

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47
Q

endocrine signaling

A

hormone eignaling

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48
Q

paracrine signaling

A

signals are released and go very short distance to bind cells near by

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49
Q

autocrine signaling

A

is a cell sending message to itself (type of feedback mechanims)

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50
Q

example of autocrine signaling

A

testosterone released by cells, travel through the blood stream to act on far away cels, near by cells and on itself

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51
Q

what types of hormones are involved in synaptic and neuroencocrine singalling

A

neurotransmitters

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52
Q

synaptic singaling

A

message from one cell to another, just happends to be a neuron, specialized paracrine signal

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53
Q

neuroendocrine signaling

A

neuron relases it chemical message at a synpase but instead of synapsing another cell it goes to the blood stream

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54
Q

chemical messenger

A

any substance that is produced by a cell that affects the function of another cell

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55
Q

cyotkine

A

a chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system

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56
Q

neurohormone

A

hormone produced by a neuron

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57
Q

neuromodulator

A

hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factor, change membrane potential of neurons

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58
Q

neurpeptide

A

peptide hormone produced by a neuron

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59
Q

neurosteroid

A

a steroid hormone produced by a neuron

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60
Q

neurotransmitter

A

a chemical messenger that acts across a neural synapse

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61
Q

parahormome

A

hormone like chemcial which is generally not produced by an endocrine galdn but has effects through the blood stream, like a homrone but doesnt fit our definition since it is not secreted by an endocrine gland

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62
Q

example of a parahormone

A

prostglandins

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63
Q

prostaglandins

A

play a role in inflammatory repsonse of a chemcial compound but can also be used as a pheromone

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64
Q

prohormone

A

precursor to other hormones; can also be hormones themsleves, something that can become another hormone

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65
Q

example of a prohormone

A

testosterone since it can bind to androgen receptors or it can be turned into estrogen and estrogen does its own thing

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66
Q

where do endocrine glands release to in endocrine system

A

endocrine glands are ductless so releases directly to fluid around them

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67
Q

what is the blood supply like for the endocrine glands

A

rich blood supply, close to blood, highly vascularized, released and diffused

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68
Q

where are hormones secreated into

A

bloodstream

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69
Q

what is special about hormone receptors

A

they have specific binding sites, embedded in the cell membrane or insdie the cell, that interact with a particular hormone or class of hormones

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70
Q

major endocrine structures

A

hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary glans (anterior and posterior)
thyroid
adrenal glands (andrenal cortex and adrenal medulla)
pancreas
gut
gonads (testes/ovaries)
hairy people paint their arms purple gold and green*

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71
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

control of hormone secretion, releases hormones or inhibiting hormones

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72
Q

pineal gland

A

reproductive maturation; body rhythms, sometimes called the 3rd eye of the brain, repsonsible for releasing melatonin

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73
Q

anterior pituitary

A

hormone secretion by thryoid, adrenal coretex, and gondas, growth
the endorcrine part

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74
Q

posterior pituitary

A

water balance and salt balance
part of the brain art
*i gotta post up to get my balance back**

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75
Q

adrenal cortex

A

salt and carbohydrate metabolism; inflamatory reactions

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76
Q

adrenal medulla

A

emotional arousal

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77
Q

pancreas

A

islets of langerhans, sugar metabolusm, insulin and glucagon secreated

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78
Q

gut

A

digestion and apetite control

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79
Q

gonads

A

testes and ovaries, body development; maintenacne of reproductive organs in adults

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80
Q

what types of hormones are water soluble ancd what does this feature allow them to do

A

proteins are water soluble and can move readilty through the blood stream

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81
Q

which type of hormones do not move easily in water

A

steorids

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82
Q

monoamines

A

hormones made from singular amino acids

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83
Q

what is the feature of lipid soluble hormones

A

hydrophobic

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84
Q

what is the largest group of hormones

A

protein/peptide hormones

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85
Q

how long are protein/peptide hormones

A

can be few or hundreds of amino acids in length

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86
Q

where are protein/peptide hormones stored

A

in vesicles in cells, they are water soluble so they cannot cross the cell membrane

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87
Q

what are protein/peptide hormones released by?

A

exocyotis since, they cant cross the membrane

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88
Q

T/F Protein/Peptide hormones are soluble in blood

A

True

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89
Q

how are protein peptide homrones removed

A

by degradation or excretion, broken down

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90
Q

difference between which prtoein peptide hormones last longer

A

larger molecules last longer in the body since they take longer to break down

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91
Q

what do protein peptide homrones act on

A

cell surface receptors

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92
Q

What are protein peptide hormones made by and what do they code for

A

Made by amino acids and coded for by DNA

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93
Q

what happens to proteins across specific species

A

can be modifed but are highly conserved by vertabrates

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94
Q

what are monoamines made from

A

single amino acids

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95
Q

what is included in monoamines

A

catecholines and indoleamines
sometimes thyroid hormones

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96
Q

what are catedcholamoines derived from

A

tyrosine

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97
Q

what are thyroid hormones derived from

A

tyrosine

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98
Q

what are indoleamines derived from

A

tryptophan

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99
Q

what are the chatecholine

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

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100
Q

what are the tyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4

101
Q

what are the indoleamines

A

seratonin and melatonin

102
Q

which type of monoamines are part of the fight or flight response

A

catecholamines

103
Q

what cateogry are monoamines

A

technically should be peptude hormones but depending on their amino acid might fit better with lipid soluble category

104
Q

what does tyrosine change to

A

can convert to dopamine which can convert to norepinephrine which can change to epinephrine

105
Q

what is a large “ingrediant” in thyroud hormones

A

iodine

106
Q

T3 hormones

A

3,5,3, triiodothyronine

107
Q

T4 hormones

A

thyroxine

108
Q

which hormones is in the light and which is in the dark

A

seratonin and light and melatonin in dark

109
Q

abbreviation for seratonin

A

5HT

110
Q

what steroid hormones made from

A

cholesterol

111
Q

do steroid membranes go through the plasma membrane? why or why not?

A

freely pass through since they are lipid solubl e

112
Q

how are steroid hormones strored

A

they arent, released as soon as they are produced, diffuse directly to blood stream

113
Q

what are steroid hormones attached to

A

carrier proteins in the blood, move through blood stream, straight through hydrophobic regions to get into the cell

114
Q

what do steroid hormones bind to

A

bind to intracellular receptors

115
Q

what is the general strucutre of steroid structures

A

contains 3 six crbon rings plus a 5 carbon ring

116
Q

how are sterid hormones identified

A

my the number of carbons

117
Q

what falls under the steroid hormone category

A

androgens, estrogens and corticoids

118
Q

how many carbons are in cholesterol

A

27

119
Q

what does cholestoerol trun to

A

Progestins C21

120
Q

what can progestins become

A

corticoids C21 and androgens C19

121
Q

what can androgens become

A

estrogen C18b

122
Q

what is progestin

A

prohormone

123
Q

does cholesterol act as a hormone

A

no just a precursor

124
Q

are steorid hormones also sex hormones

A

no because they are generally produced by both sexes; sometimes differ in concentration

125
Q

what happens when testosteone is aromatized

A

changes to estradiol

126
Q

symbol for reduced and aromatized

A

reduced DHT
aromatized E2

127
Q

what is the primary androgen

A

testosterone which can be cnverted to other androgens and to estrogen

128
Q

what are the types of protein hormone receptors

A

G protein coupled receptors (GCPR)
Ligand gated ion chanle s
receptor tyrosine kinases

129
Q

what do G protein coupled receptors do

A

release second messenger with the help of a G protein in cells to produce cellular cascade

130
Q

what do ligand gted ion channels do

A

chemical messenger and we bind to it it lets stuff move, open ion cahnnnels in repsonse to hormome or neurotransmitter binding (sometimes Na and K cahnnels and Ca)

131
Q

what do receptor tyrosine kinases do

A

receptor is an enzyme that phosphoylates kinases and starts cellular cascade, kinase adds a phosphate group which usually turns things on

132
Q

what are steroid hormone receptors

A

intracellular recpetors

133
Q

what are intracellular receptors

A

bind to hormone, move to nucleus and act as transcription factors

134
Q

what is classic simple feedback

A

means you have a set point for something and hormones will keep the system from going too far away

135
Q

negative feedback

A

gland produces hormones which go to do some type of job in the target tissue and then the product goes back to the gland to make sure there is not too much hormone produced and will turn it off

136
Q

positive feedback

A

when hormones cause production of more of the hormones

137
Q

example of negative feedback

A

temp is kept constant through negative feedback, with fevers switches to positive feedback

138
Q

example of positive feedback

A

child birth oxytocin is the hormone involved, milk let down when babies suckle homrones like oxytocin and prolactin casue more milk to be released

139
Q

feedback mechanism for insulin/glucagon

A

body maintains homeostasis, insulin released when glucose levels are too high, glucagon released when glucose levels are too low and it causes it to break down to glucose

140
Q

where does the hypothalamus recieve info from and what does it secrete

A

nevrous systema dn secretes releasing hormones

141
Q

what does the pituitary recive and what does it secrete

A

recives releasing hormones from hypothalamus and secretes tropic hormones

142
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

trigger hormone secretion in gonads, thyroid, or adrenal glands

143
Q

what are the releasing hormones

A

Gonado tropin releasing hormone GnRH
thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH
corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH
Release the car good god

144
Q

what are the tropic hormones secreted by the pituitary

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone/thyrotropin (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH
**FLAGT the park

145
Q

tropic hormoes secreted

A

estradiol E2
progesterone P
testosterone T
triiodothryroxine T3 or thryoxine T4
Corticosterone
Cortisol Adrenal

146
Q

what fuses together

A

the posterior and anterior pituitary

147
Q

what does ADH target

A

kidney tubules

148
Q

where is ADH secreted from

A

made in hypothalamus secreted to the pituitary

149
Q

what does Oxytocin target

A

mammary glands, uterine muscles

150
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from

A

hypothalamus to pituitary to other parts of the body

151
Q

which hormones have tropic effects only

A

FSH and LSH
TSH
ACTH

T FALT

152
Q

which hormones have nontropic effects

A

Prolactin and MSH

153
Q

which hormones have bnoth tropic and nontropic effects

A

GH

154
Q

what does FSH and LH target

A

testes or ovaries

155
Q

what does TSH target

A

thyroid

156
Q

what does ACTH target

A

adrenal cortex

157
Q

what does prolactin target

A

mammary glands

158
Q

what does MSH target

A

melanocytes

159
Q

what does GH target

A

liver, bones, and other tissues

160
Q

nontropic

A

goes direcrtly to tissues

161
Q

sexual orientation

A

defines the sex and or gender perferred by an individual as a romantic or sexual partner

162
Q

reproduction

A

generation of new individuals from existing ones; fundamental characteristic of life, separates living things from nonliving things

163
Q

asexual reproduction

A

creation of offspring from single individual; results in genetic clones

164
Q

group of organisms that go through asexual reproduction

A

prokaryotes

165
Q

pathenogenesis

A

vertebrates that reproduce asexually

166
Q

sexual reproduction

A

creation of offspring through fertilization of gametes; results in genetic combination of parents

167
Q

what does natural selection favor

A

individuals that get the most genes to the next generation

168
Q

which type of reproduction gets more genes to the next generation

A

asexual

169
Q

cost of sex

A

meisosis/ fertilization –> chromosomes cut in hald
cost of males –> they dont reproduce on their own so it stops there
mate searching
mating
STIs
genetic recombination

170
Q

why is mating a cost of sex

A

can lead to dealth

171
Q

benefits of sex

A

increased genetic variation

172
Q

examples where there is no genetic variation

A

amish
historically monarchs
cheetas
california condors
pure breads

173
Q

haploid

A

1 copy of chromosomes

174
Q

diploid

A

2 copies of chromosomes

175
Q

hermaphrodites

A

capable of producing both male and female gametes

176
Q

examples of hermaphrpodites

A

hamlet fish (ovotestes)
clow fish are sequential hermaphordite so they start as one sex and then switch to the other

177
Q

anisogamy

A

asymmetrical gamete investment, the value of one egg and one sperm are not the same

178
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

difference between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

179
Q

where is there more variation

A

among the sexes then between the sexes

180
Q

sexual selection

A

natural selection for mating success, whos better at attracting members of the opposite sex

181
Q

intrasexual selection

A

competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex

182
Q

intersexual selection

A

mate choice, occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates

183
Q

polygyny

A

1 women many males

184
Q

monogamy

A

one woman one male mate

185
Q

polyandry

A

one male multiple women mate

186
Q

sexual differentiation

A

the process of becoming male or female

187
Q

sex determination

A

primary step in sexual differentiation; often occurs at fertilization, sets stage for organs to be male or female

188
Q

sequence of sex differentiation

A

chromosomal sex
gonadal sex (gametic sex)
hormonal sex
morphological sex
behavior sex (sexual preference)

189
Q

gonadal tissue is

A

bipotential

190
Q

what does it mean to be bipotential

A

embryo contains tissue that can become ovaries or testes

191
Q

which duct system is in males and which duct system is in females

A

wolffian in males
mullerian in females

192
Q

what gene is essential for sex differentiation

A

SRY

193
Q

what does SRY code for

A

TDF

194
Q

what do accessory sex organs do

A

connect gonads to external environment

195
Q

what is required for wolfarian duct development

A

T

196
Q

what is required for regression of mullarian duct

A

MIH;MRH, secreted by the testes

197
Q

what does 5a reducatase do

A

convert T or DHT

198
Q

what does 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) do

A

needed for development of male genitals

199
Q

turner syndrome

A

X0; develop normally as females, but must be treated with sex steroids as teenagers to induce puberty

200
Q

congential adrenal hyperplasia

A

females exposed to androgens secreted from ovaries or adrenal glands during development; results in slight to moderate masculinization

201
Q

andorgen sensitivity syndrome aka testicular feminized mutant

A

XY; complete or partial absence of androgen receptors

202
Q

outcomes of Androgren sensititvty syndrome

A

Gonads develop as testes; secrete androgens (T)
Individuals lack receptors for androgens
External genitalia are female typical
Mullerian ducts never develop; vagina ends in blind pouch
Individuals are sterile

203
Q

5a reductase deficiency

A

XY, individuals lack the enzymes needed to reduce T to DHT

204
Q

outcomes of 5a reductase deficiency

A

Underdeveloped male genitals at birth
Generally raised as female
At puberty, increases in androgens may cause masculinization of genitals
Some individuals adopt male gender roles at puberty
Individuals are generally sterile

205
Q

sex chromosome trisomy

A

extra X or extra Y chromosome

206
Q

what are examples of sex chromosome trisomys

A

Klinefelter Syndrome XXY
XYY syndrome

207
Q

klinefelters syndrome

A

: XXY; develop as males, often have learning disabilities and are usually sterile

208
Q

XYY syndrome

A

males are generally taller than average, lower intelligence; represented at higher than average frequencies in prison populations, double docing of Y chromosome

209
Q

sex determination in birds

A

ZW females (heterogametic) ZZ males homogametic

210
Q

alternative male morphs

A

differences in appearance, physiology and behavior between types of males

211
Q

what are alternative male morphs regulated by

A

hormone levels

212
Q

sex determination in reptiles

A

temperature dependent

213
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

possess ovotestes and produce both sperm and egg

214
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

begin life as female (protogynous) and switch to male or begin as male (protoandrous) and switch to female

215
Q

sequential hermaphoridtes that began as females

A

protogynous

216
Q

sequential hermaphorides that began as male

A

protoandrous

217
Q

example of protoandrous

A

clown fish

218
Q

organizational/activational hypothesis

A

hormones secreted early in development organize the brain for later hormonal activation as adults
The brain is organized either male-like or female-like by the hormones responsible for sex differentiation

219
Q

who came up with the organizational/activational hypothesis

A

william caldwell

220
Q

lordosis

A

mating posture assumed in females
Curvature of the spine, in rodents it is a reflexive action where females curve their spine so males can mate, femaltypical

221
Q

mounting

A

mating posture assumed by males
Male typical behavior, male mounts female so it can intermit
Not that females wont, but not as likely

222
Q

organizational effects

A

: effects of hormones during a critical period of development to determine how the animal responds to hormones in adulthood
Early in life, arranges brain to respond to things later in life

223
Q

activational effects

A

acute affects of hormones on behavior occurring during adulthood
Brings about or organizes later

224
Q

critical period

A

the time period during which organizational hormones can have their effects
Differs across taxa (prenatal, perinatal, postnatal)
Prenatal: before biurth
Perinatal: around time of birth
Postnatal after birth

225
Q

critical period in guinea pigs

A

prenantal

226
Q

what hormone is through to have a masulinizing effect and when

A

estradiol is thought to have a masculinizing effect in many species if it reaches the brain

227
Q

aromatization hypothesis

A

Testosterone has its effects by being aromatized to E2

228
Q

endocrine disrupting chemicals

A

compounds found in the environment that mimic steroid hormone function

229
Q

what does endocrine disrupting chemicals affect in humans

A

incidence of male births with undecesnded testes
increases in abnormal genitalia at birth
decreases in human fertility

230
Q

ways males and females can be defined

A

Chromosomal sex
Gonadal sex
Gametic sex
Hormonal sex
Morphological (anatomical) sex
Behavioral sex (Gender identity Sexual preference or orientation)
Legal sex

231
Q

what id a difference shown between males and females at age 3 months

A

toy preference

232
Q

which animal shows the same toy preferences

A

vervet and rhesus monkeys

233
Q

what are the potential mechanisms for sex differences in the nervous system

A

promoting or preventing cell growth or apoptosis
affecting connectivity between neurons
changing cellular receptor distribution for hormones and neurotransmitters

234
Q

sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area

A

SDN-POA: brain region much larger in males then female rodents; females treated with androgens early in life have male like-SDN POA

235
Q

sexually dimorphic regions in the brain

A

hypothalamus
spinal cord
strucutres associated with language
strucutres connecting the hemispheres

236
Q

how many regions is SDN POA divided into

A

4

237
Q

what are the difficulties in interpreting experiments of nature

A

No controls
No standards of dosage or timing of hormone exposure
Single case studies
Confounded by medical conditions and treatments

238
Q

what must researchers rely on for human studies studying hormones and environmental effects

A

experiments of nature

239
Q

effect size

A

measure of the variation between sexes correlated
for the variation within each sex

240
Q

difference for males and females in vision

A

Males have better visual acuity than females; females have better dark adaptation and higher tolerance to light intensity

241
Q

differences for males and females in olfaction

A

females generally more sensitive; up to 1000 times more so for specific odors

242
Q

differences for males and females for gustation

A

females generally more sensitive

243
Q

differences for males and females for audition

A

females generally more sensitive

244
Q

differences for males and females for pain

A

females generally have lower thresholds and display less tolerance to painful stimuli

245
Q

brain lateralization

A

tendency for cognitive functions to be concentrated in one hemisphere of the brain
Males tend to be more lateralized than females

246
Q

Sex differences in IQ

A

no difference in IQ, but differences in skill subsets

247
Q

what is the SAT biased towards

A

males

248
Q

sexual orientation

A

AKA preference, person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted
Men tend to adopt a masculine gender role and are sexually attracted to women on average
Women tend to adopt a feminine gender role and are sexually attracted to men on average

249
Q

what is the evidence around homosexuality

A

no experimental evidence that it is chosen becuase it would be unethical, no experimental evidence in differences of circulating hormones and no evidence organizational effects

250
Q

when was homosexuality removed as a mental disorder

A

1970s

Hormones and Behavior (1 decks)

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