Test 1 Flashcards
behavioral endocrinology
scientific study of interaction between hormones and behavior
what influences what in behavior endocrinology
hormones can influence behavior and behavior can influence hormones
what is an example of a not good model system
humans, ethical issues, these studies are usually correlational
How did hormones affect Jose Canseco
He was a baseball player with amazing stats but admitted he used major steorid hormones, his arrest record was also very significant showing the possibility of the steroids affecting his behavior leading to his arrest record
behavior
the action carried out by effectors (often muscles) under control of the nervous (or endocrine) system in response to stimulus
what does sensory input lead to
integration and then motor output
where does integration occur
central nervous system
where does motor output occur
peripheral nervous system
Tinbergens 4 questions of behavior
Mechanistic
Developmental
Survival Value
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic
which of the questions are considered proximate
mechanistic
developmental
DM me for a proximate answer
which questions are considered ultimate
Survival Value
Evolutionary/Phylogenetic
sUe Tingergen
what makes something a proximate behavior
immediate
what makes something an ultimate behavior
longer lasting
mechanism
immediate causation, what stimulis elicts the behvaior and what physiologucal mechanims mediate the response
ex: neurons, hormones, stimulis that triggers a behavior to happen
ontogeny
development, how does the animals experience during growth and development influence the response? how did this behavior rise over time
adaptation
adaptive function, how does this behavior aid in survival and reproduction? why did the behavior evolve
phylogeny
evolution, what is the behavior evolutionary history?
example of phylogeny
we walk upright, evolved in an ancestor of all common humans
What causes male sonbirds to sing mechanistically?
becuase of high level of certain hormones
what causes male songbirds to song ontogeny
becuase they learned to sing from their fathers during a critical period of development
what causes male songbirds to sing phylogeny
becuase they evolved from a common ancestor that sang
T/F A hypothesis makes sense therefor it is correct
FALSE
What does science “do” to a hypohtesis
supports or disproves it DOES NOT PORVE
How are correlation and causation related
they are not, correlation does not equal causation
anthropomorphism
giving human attributes to animals
whatn happens to males and females during a sproting event
both have higher levels of testostern but Males increase significantly
what changes for males and females when stressed during an event
womans stress levels decrease as the event goes on but male stress levels increaase due to cortisol levels
eunuch
men castrated before puberty, used by royalty to gaurd women for other men, made men more pious so they wouldnt engage in sexual behavior, take the testies away and then assume you could change the behavior
castrati
men with singing voices euqal to soproanos in range due to castration
what did Bethold find when he castrated chicks, reimplanted and transplated testis
castrated ones became capons
the ones that were reimplanted or trasnplanted had normal male nevelopment and behavior
what did betholds experiment demonstrate
testes are transplantable organs
transplanted testes can function and produce physiological changes including making the chicks turn into male roosters
testes function is not controlled by the nervous system (he cut the nevrous system connections yet the rooster still developed)
hormones ____ cause behavior to happen; hormones make specific ________ more or less liekly to occur in a specific context
do not, behaviors
hormone
chemical messenger produced and released by endocrine glands, cells that release chemical molecules and go throughout the blood stream and activate a reponse in cells that have a receptor for it
are all neurotransmitters hormones
no some are, all hormones are neurotransmitters, but not all neurotransmitters are hormones ****
removal
hormonally dependent behavior should disappear when the source of the hormone is removed
replacement
hormally dependent behavior should be restored with addition of the hormone
correlation
appearance of hormonally dependent behavior should be covariant with hormone concentration
hypothesectomy
remove pituitary and restore the hormones, just ebcuase you take away a halnd and bhevaior goes away doesnt mean the hormones control that behvaior
what is the endocrine system
endocrine means to release within, network of hormone secreting organs that coordinate homeostatic and physiologic processes including reproduction, development, metabolism growth and behavior
how does he endocrine system work
endocrine glands secrete hormones, hormones travel through the circulatory system to target cells, hormones bind to their receptors, triggering cellular repsonse
why does the endocrine system work
feedback mechanisms, HPG or T or A axis
what does coordination of biological systems require
cell signaling
what do some cells give up and why
give up the ability to reproduce in order to help other cells reproduce
T/F hormones can only do one thing
False they can do lots of different things in the body once it gets to its target
speed of endocrine system compared to nervous system
slow and broad compared to nervous which is fast and targeted
which 2 systems work together
nevrous and endocrine
what are the types of cell signaling
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine
synaptic
neuroendocrine
endocrine signaling
hormone eignaling
paracrine signaling
signals are released and go very short distance to bind cells near by
autocrine signaling
is a cell sending message to itself (type of feedback mechanims)
example of autocrine signaling
testosterone released by cells, travel through the blood stream to act on far away cels, near by cells and on itself
what types of hormones are involved in synaptic and neuroencocrine singalling
neurotransmitters
synaptic singaling
message from one cell to another, just happends to be a neuron, specialized paracrine signal
neuroendocrine signaling
neuron relases it chemical message at a synpase but instead of synapsing another cell it goes to the blood stream
chemical messenger
any substance that is produced by a cell that affects the function of another cell
cyotkine
a chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system
neurohormone
hormone produced by a neuron
neuromodulator
hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factor, change membrane potential of neurons
neurpeptide
peptide hormone produced by a neuron
neurosteroid
a steroid hormone produced by a neuron
neurotransmitter
a chemical messenger that acts across a neural synapse
parahormome
hormone like chemcial which is generally not produced by an endocrine galdn but has effects through the blood stream, like a homrone but doesnt fit our definition since it is not secreted by an endocrine gland
example of a parahormone
prostglandins
prostaglandins
play a role in inflammatory repsonse of a chemcial compound but can also be used as a pheromone
prohormone
precursor to other hormones; can also be hormones themsleves, something that can become another hormone
example of a prohormone
testosterone since it can bind to androgen receptors or it can be turned into estrogen and estrogen does its own thing
where do endocrine glands release to in endocrine system
endocrine glands are ductless so releases directly to fluid around them
what is the blood supply like for the endocrine glands
rich blood supply, close to blood, highly vascularized, released and diffused
where are hormones secreated into
bloodstream
what is special about hormone receptors
they have specific binding sites, embedded in the cell membrane or insdie the cell, that interact with a particular hormone or class of hormones
major endocrine structures
hypothalamus
pineal gland
pituitary glans (anterior and posterior)
thyroid
adrenal glands (andrenal cortex and adrenal medulla)
pancreas
gut
gonads (testes/ovaries)
hairy people paint their arms purple gold and green*
function of hypothalamus
control of hormone secretion, releases hormones or inhibiting hormones
pineal gland
reproductive maturation; body rhythms, sometimes called the 3rd eye of the brain, repsonsible for releasing melatonin
anterior pituitary
hormone secretion by thryoid, adrenal coretex, and gondas, growth
the endorcrine part
posterior pituitary
water balance and salt balance
part of the brain art
*i gotta post up to get my balance back**
adrenal cortex
salt and carbohydrate metabolism; inflamatory reactions
adrenal medulla
emotional arousal
pancreas
islets of langerhans, sugar metabolusm, insulin and glucagon secreated
gut
digestion and apetite control
gonads
testes and ovaries, body development; maintenacne of reproductive organs in adults
what types of hormones are water soluble ancd what does this feature allow them to do
proteins are water soluble and can move readilty through the blood stream
which type of hormones do not move easily in water
steorids
monoamines
hormones made from singular amino acids
what is the feature of lipid soluble hormones
hydrophobic
what is the largest group of hormones
protein/peptide hormones
how long are protein/peptide hormones
can be few or hundreds of amino acids in length
where are protein/peptide hormones stored
in vesicles in cells, they are water soluble so they cannot cross the cell membrane
what are protein/peptide hormones released by?
exocyotis since, they cant cross the membrane
T/F Protein/Peptide hormones are soluble in blood
True
how are protein peptide homrones removed
by degradation or excretion, broken down
difference between which prtoein peptide hormones last longer
larger molecules last longer in the body since they take longer to break down
what do protein peptide homrones act on
cell surface receptors
What are protein peptide hormones made by and what do they code for
Made by amino acids and coded for by DNA
what happens to proteins across specific species
can be modifed but are highly conserved by vertabrates
what are monoamines made from
single amino acids
what is included in monoamines
catecholines and indoleamines
sometimes thyroid hormones
what are catedcholamoines derived from
tyrosine
what are thyroid hormones derived from
tyrosine
what are indoleamines derived from
tryptophan
what are the chatecholine
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
what are the tyroid hormones
T3 and T4
what are the indoleamines
seratonin and melatonin
which type of monoamines are part of the fight or flight response
catecholamines
what cateogry are monoamines
technically should be peptude hormones but depending on their amino acid might fit better with lipid soluble category
what does tyrosine change to
can convert to dopamine which can convert to norepinephrine which can change to epinephrine
what is a large “ingrediant” in thyroud hormones
iodine
T3 hormones
3,5,3, triiodothyronine
T4 hormones
thyroxine
which hormones is in the light and which is in the dark
seratonin and light and melatonin in dark
abbreviation for seratonin
5HT
what steroid hormones made from
cholesterol
do steroid membranes go through the plasma membrane? why or why not?
freely pass through since they are lipid solubl e
how are steroid hormones strored
they arent, released as soon as they are produced, diffuse directly to blood stream
what are steroid hormones attached to
carrier proteins in the blood, move through blood stream, straight through hydrophobic regions to get into the cell
what do steroid hormones bind to
bind to intracellular receptors
what is the general strucutre of steroid structures
contains 3 six crbon rings plus a 5 carbon ring
how are sterid hormones identified
my the number of carbons
what falls under the steroid hormone category
androgens, estrogens and corticoids
how many carbons are in cholesterol
27
what does cholestoerol trun to
Progestins C21
what can progestins become
corticoids C21 and androgens C19
what can androgens become
estrogen C18b
what is progestin
prohormone
does cholesterol act as a hormone
no just a precursor
are steorid hormones also sex hormones
no because they are generally produced by both sexes; sometimes differ in concentration
what happens when testosteone is aromatized
changes to estradiol
symbol for reduced and aromatized
reduced DHT
aromatized E2
what is the primary androgen
testosterone which can be cnverted to other androgens and to estrogen
what are the types of protein hormone receptors
G protein coupled receptors (GCPR)
Ligand gated ion chanle s
receptor tyrosine kinases
what do G protein coupled receptors do
release second messenger with the help of a G protein in cells to produce cellular cascade
what do ligand gted ion channels do
chemical messenger and we bind to it it lets stuff move, open ion cahnnnels in repsonse to hormome or neurotransmitter binding (sometimes Na and K cahnnels and Ca)
what do receptor tyrosine kinases do
receptor is an enzyme that phosphoylates kinases and starts cellular cascade, kinase adds a phosphate group which usually turns things on
what are steroid hormone receptors
intracellular recpetors
what are intracellular receptors
bind to hormone, move to nucleus and act as transcription factors
what is classic simple feedback
means you have a set point for something and hormones will keep the system from going too far away
negative feedback
gland produces hormones which go to do some type of job in the target tissue and then the product goes back to the gland to make sure there is not too much hormone produced and will turn it off
positive feedback
when hormones cause production of more of the hormones
example of negative feedback
temp is kept constant through negative feedback, with fevers switches to positive feedback
example of positive feedback
child birth oxytocin is the hormone involved, milk let down when babies suckle homrones like oxytocin and prolactin casue more milk to be released
feedback mechanism for insulin/glucagon
body maintains homeostasis, insulin released when glucose levels are too high, glucagon released when glucose levels are too low and it causes it to break down to glucose
where does the hypothalamus recieve info from and what does it secrete
nevrous systema dn secretes releasing hormones
what does the pituitary recive and what does it secrete
recives releasing hormones from hypothalamus and secretes tropic hormones
what are tropic hormones
trigger hormone secretion in gonads, thyroid, or adrenal glands
what are the releasing hormones
Gonado tropin releasing hormone GnRH
thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH
corticotropin releasing hormone CRH
growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH
Release the car good god
what are the tropic hormones secreted by the pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone/thyrotropin (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH
**FLAGT the park
tropic hormoes secreted
estradiol E2
progesterone P
testosterone T
triiodothryroxine T3 or thryoxine T4
Corticosterone
Cortisol Adrenal
what fuses together
the posterior and anterior pituitary
what does ADH target
kidney tubules
where is ADH secreted from
made in hypothalamus secreted to the pituitary
what does Oxytocin target
mammary glands, uterine muscles
where is oxytocin secreted from
hypothalamus to pituitary to other parts of the body
which hormones have tropic effects only
FSH and LSH
TSH
ACTH
T FALT
which hormones have nontropic effects
Prolactin and MSH
which hormones have bnoth tropic and nontropic effects
GH
what does FSH and LH target
testes or ovaries
what does TSH target
thyroid
what does ACTH target
adrenal cortex
what does prolactin target
mammary glands
what does MSH target
melanocytes
what does GH target
liver, bones, and other tissues
nontropic
goes direcrtly to tissues
sexual orientation
defines the sex and or gender perferred by an individual as a romantic or sexual partner
reproduction
generation of new individuals from existing ones; fundamental characteristic of life, separates living things from nonliving things
asexual reproduction
creation of offspring from single individual; results in genetic clones
group of organisms that go through asexual reproduction
prokaryotes
pathenogenesis
vertebrates that reproduce asexually
sexual reproduction
creation of offspring through fertilization of gametes; results in genetic combination of parents
what does natural selection favor
individuals that get the most genes to the next generation
which type of reproduction gets more genes to the next generation
asexual
cost of sex
meisosis/ fertilization –> chromosomes cut in hald
cost of males –> they dont reproduce on their own so it stops there
mate searching
mating
STIs
genetic recombination
why is mating a cost of sex
can lead to dealth
benefits of sex
increased genetic variation
examples where there is no genetic variation
amish
historically monarchs
cheetas
california condors
pure breads
haploid
1 copy of chromosomes
diploid
2 copies of chromosomes
hermaphrodites
capable of producing both male and female gametes
examples of hermaphrpodites
hamlet fish (ovotestes)
clow fish are sequential hermaphordite so they start as one sex and then switch to the other
anisogamy
asymmetrical gamete investment, the value of one egg and one sperm are not the same
sexual dimorphism
difference between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics
where is there more variation
among the sexes then between the sexes
sexual selection
natural selection for mating success, whos better at attracting members of the opposite sex
intrasexual selection
competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex
intersexual selection
mate choice, occurs when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates
polygyny
1 women many males
monogamy
one woman one male mate
polyandry
one male multiple women mate
sexual differentiation
the process of becoming male or female
sex determination
primary step in sexual differentiation; often occurs at fertilization, sets stage for organs to be male or female
sequence of sex differentiation
chromosomal sex
gonadal sex (gametic sex)
hormonal sex
morphological sex
behavior sex (sexual preference)
gonadal tissue is
bipotential
what does it mean to be bipotential
embryo contains tissue that can become ovaries or testes
which duct system is in males and which duct system is in females
wolffian in males
mullerian in females
what gene is essential for sex differentiation
SRY
what does SRY code for
TDF
what do accessory sex organs do
connect gonads to external environment
what is required for wolfarian duct development
T
what is required for regression of mullarian duct
MIH;MRH, secreted by the testes
what does 5a reducatase do
convert T or DHT
what does 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) do
needed for development of male genitals
turner syndrome
X0; develop normally as females, but must be treated with sex steroids as teenagers to induce puberty
congential adrenal hyperplasia
females exposed to androgens secreted from ovaries or adrenal glands during development; results in slight to moderate masculinization
andorgen sensitivity syndrome aka testicular feminized mutant
XY; complete or partial absence of androgen receptors
outcomes of Androgren sensititvty syndrome
Gonads develop as testes; secrete androgens (T)
Individuals lack receptors for androgens
External genitalia are female typical
Mullerian ducts never develop; vagina ends in blind pouch
Individuals are sterile
5a reductase deficiency
XY, individuals lack the enzymes needed to reduce T to DHT
outcomes of 5a reductase deficiency
Underdeveloped male genitals at birth
Generally raised as female
At puberty, increases in androgens may cause masculinization of genitals
Some individuals adopt male gender roles at puberty
Individuals are generally sterile
sex chromosome trisomy
extra X or extra Y chromosome
what are examples of sex chromosome trisomys
Klinefelter Syndrome XXY
XYY syndrome
klinefelters syndrome
: XXY; develop as males, often have learning disabilities and are usually sterile
XYY syndrome
males are generally taller than average, lower intelligence; represented at higher than average frequencies in prison populations, double docing of Y chromosome
sex determination in birds
ZW females (heterogametic) ZZ males homogametic
alternative male morphs
differences in appearance, physiology and behavior between types of males
what are alternative male morphs regulated by
hormone levels
sex determination in reptiles
temperature dependent
simultaneous hermaphrodites
possess ovotestes and produce both sperm and egg
sequential hermaphrodites
begin life as female (protogynous) and switch to male or begin as male (protoandrous) and switch to female
sequential hermaphoridtes that began as females
protogynous
sequential hermaphorides that began as male
protoandrous
example of protoandrous
clown fish
organizational/activational hypothesis
hormones secreted early in development organize the brain for later hormonal activation as adults
The brain is organized either male-like or female-like by the hormones responsible for sex differentiation
who came up with the organizational/activational hypothesis
william caldwell
lordosis
mating posture assumed in females
Curvature of the spine, in rodents it is a reflexive action where females curve their spine so males can mate, femaltypical
mounting
mating posture assumed by males
Male typical behavior, male mounts female so it can intermit
Not that females wont, but not as likely
organizational effects
: effects of hormones during a critical period of development to determine how the animal responds to hormones in adulthood
Early in life, arranges brain to respond to things later in life
activational effects
acute affects of hormones on behavior occurring during adulthood
Brings about or organizes later
critical period
the time period during which organizational hormones can have their effects
Differs across taxa (prenatal, perinatal, postnatal)
Prenatal: before biurth
Perinatal: around time of birth
Postnatal after birth
critical period in guinea pigs
prenantal
what hormone is through to have a masulinizing effect and when
estradiol is thought to have a masculinizing effect in many species if it reaches the brain
aromatization hypothesis
Testosterone has its effects by being aromatized to E2
endocrine disrupting chemicals
compounds found in the environment that mimic steroid hormone function
what does endocrine disrupting chemicals affect in humans
incidence of male births with undecesnded testes
increases in abnormal genitalia at birth
decreases in human fertility
ways males and females can be defined
Chromosomal sex
Gonadal sex
Gametic sex
Hormonal sex
Morphological (anatomical) sex
Behavioral sex (Gender identity Sexual preference or orientation)
Legal sex
what id a difference shown between males and females at age 3 months
toy preference
which animal shows the same toy preferences
vervet and rhesus monkeys
what are the potential mechanisms for sex differences in the nervous system
promoting or preventing cell growth or apoptosis
affecting connectivity between neurons
changing cellular receptor distribution for hormones and neurotransmitters
sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area
SDN-POA: brain region much larger in males then female rodents; females treated with androgens early in life have male like-SDN POA
sexually dimorphic regions in the brain
hypothalamus
spinal cord
strucutres associated with language
strucutres connecting the hemispheres
how many regions is SDN POA divided into
4
what are the difficulties in interpreting experiments of nature
No controls
No standards of dosage or timing of hormone exposure
Single case studies
Confounded by medical conditions and treatments
what must researchers rely on for human studies studying hormones and environmental effects
experiments of nature
effect size
measure of the variation between sexes correlated
for the variation within each sex
difference for males and females in vision
Males have better visual acuity than females; females have better dark adaptation and higher tolerance to light intensity
differences for males and females in olfaction
females generally more sensitive; up to 1000 times more so for specific odors
differences for males and females for gustation
females generally more sensitive
differences for males and females for audition
females generally more sensitive
differences for males and females for pain
females generally have lower thresholds and display less tolerance to painful stimuli
brain lateralization
tendency for cognitive functions to be concentrated in one hemisphere of the brain
Males tend to be more lateralized than females
Sex differences in IQ
no difference in IQ, but differences in skill subsets
what is the SAT biased towards
males
sexual orientation
AKA preference, person’s sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted
Men tend to adopt a masculine gender role and are sexually attracted to women on average
Women tend to adopt a feminine gender role and are sexually attracted to men on average
what is the evidence around homosexuality
no experimental evidence that it is chosen becuase it would be unethical, no experimental evidence in differences of circulating hormones and no evidence organizational effects
when was homosexuality removed as a mental disorder
1970s
