Test #1

Question 1

Auguste Comte

Answer 1

— Coined term “sociology”
— Scientific method ; collecting concrete data through observation and experiment

Question 2

Herbert Spencer

Answer 2

— SOCIAL DARWINISM
— SFT classical period

Question 3

Emile Durkheim

Answer 3

— Social bonds exist in all types of societies
— Mechanical vs. organic solidarity
— The more firmly connected people are to others, the less likely they are to commit suicide (suicide is impacted by social forces)
— Anomie

Question 4

Karl Marx

Answer 4

— Capitalism creates class conflict and social inequality between bourgeoisie and proletariat
— Class conflict is the engine of social change

Question 5

Social Darwinism

Answer 5

— “Survival of the fittest”
— Societies evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment

Question 6

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 6

Social bond where shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion ; based on sameness

Question 7

Organic Solidarity

Answer 7

Type of social bond based on division of labor that created interdependence and individual rights

Question 8

Capitalism

Answer 8

Economic system based on the private, for-profit operation of industry

Question 9

Bourgeoisie / proletariat

Answer 9

Bourgeoisie — own means of production (wealthy)
Proletariat — workers

Question 10

Dependent variable

Answer 10

Effect

Question 11

Independent variable

Answer 11

Cause

Question 12

Symbolic Interactionism

Answer 12

sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction

Question 13

Max Weber

Answer 13

— Interested in shift from traditional society to modern industrial society
— Rationalization
— Believed modern societies were characterized by efficient, goal-oriented, rule-governed bureaucracies
— Contemporary life is filled with disenchantment

Question 14

Rationalization

Answer 14

application of economic logic to all human activity

Question 15

Bureaucracy

Answer 15

an organization with formal procedures and standards; typically having a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and a hierarchy of authority

Question 16

Ethnographic methods

Answer 16

describe and understand meaning of what happens as experienced by those involved

Question 17

interview

Answer 17

face-to-face interviews to seek information, systematic data collection

same questions to all subjects, closed-ended vs open-ended question

Question 18

survey

Answer 18

for collecting information from large number of subjects, good for collecting descriptive data, not as good for understanding meaning or feelings or behaviors

Question 19

sampling

Answer 19

the process by which a researcher takes a smaller group from the target population she/he is interested in studying

Question 20

weighted sample

Answer 20

the size of the population represented by the sample

Question 21

experimental methods

Answer 21

control and experimental groups — independent variable (cause) is predicted to make a difference in dependent variable (effect) — test hypothesis — compare two groups

Question 22

content analysis

Answer 22

eg. newspaper research
advantage: study time period researchers couldn’t observe directly
disadvantage: existed data may not be collected for researcher’s questions

Question 23

steps in sociological research

Answer 23

1. forming hypothesis and testing hypothesis
2. data collection to test hypothesis
3. use findings to modify and improve sociological theories
4. exercise to identify dependent and independent variables