Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
list the levels of biological organization from least to most complex
A
- Atom
- Molecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
2
Q
list the properties common to all living things
A
- Complex and organized
- Grow and reproduce
- Respond to stimuli
- Acquire materials and use energy
- Use DNA to store hereditary information
- Adaptations to their environment.
3
Q
Define homeostasis
A
Process of keeping internal conditions such as temperature constant in an organism
4
Q
list the three domains of living organisms and the basic type of organisms each domain contains
A
- Eukarya (Eukaryotic; protists, plants, animals, fungi)
- Archaea (Prokaryotic)
- Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
5
Q
Understand and be able to list the steps of the scientific method
A
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Experiment
6
Q
Hypothesis
A
Tentative explanation for specific phenomenon
7
Q
Experimental variable
A
Factors that change in an experiment
8
Q
Control group
A
lacks/does not receive specific factor being tested
9
Q
Know how hypotheses differ from theories
A
Hypothesis- Narrow in scope
Scientific Theory- Theories have broad explanatory power and are supported by science
10
Q
Know that an element is
A
A substance that can’t be broken down into another substance by ordinary means.
11
Q
Know the three components of an atom and their properties.
A
- Protons (Positive charge)
- Neutrons (Neutral)
- Electrons (Negative charge)
12
Q
Understand how electrons orbit around the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
A
The attraction between the negative charge of an electron, and the positive charge of the proton, is what keeps the electrons in orbit around the nucleus
13
Q
What does an element’s atomic number equal?
A
Number of protons.
14
Q
What does an element’s atomic mass equal?
A
Number of protons + number of neutrons (sum).
15
Q
Understand how an atom can donate an electron to another atom or accept an electron from another atom to become an ion.
A
Chemical reactions enable atoms to transfer or share electrons forming a covalent bond
16
Q
Understand how two ions form an ionic bond.
A
Attraction between oppositely charged ions forming a bond
17
Q
Understand how two atoms can share a pair of electrons in a covalent bond to form a molecule.
A
A molecule consists of two or more atoms connected by covalent bonds, which are formed by electron sharing.
18
Q
Function of Chemical reactions
A
Make and break chemical bonds to form new substances.
19
Q
Polar covalent bond
A
The shared electrons that form the bond are shared unequally,
20
Q
Polar Molecule
A
Partial positive and partial negative charges at opposite ends of the molecule (uneven distribution of charge)
21
Q
Water is…
A
A polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
22
Q
Understand how water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
A
- Water consists of two hydrogen atoms joined to one oxygen atom by covalent bonds but the electrons are not shared equally between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. This causes water to be a polar molecule, one with an uneven distribution of charge. The polarity of water results in weak electrical attractions, called hydrogen bonds
23
Q
list water’s unique properties
A
- High specific heat
- Good solvent
- Cohesive and adhesive,
- Polar, ice floats
24
Q
Hydrophilic
A
Water Loving” (Polar or charged molecules soluble in water)
25
Hydrophobic
“Water fearing” (Non polar molecules which don’t dissolve in water)
26
Acidic solution
Chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution
27
Basic solution
A compound that accepts H+ and removes them from solution.
28
Buffers
molecules that minimize changes in pH in an organism.
29
Four major classes of large molecules
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids.
30
Understand how large molecules (polymers) are composed of smaller subunits (monomers).
Macromolecules are polymers, large molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers by the process of dehydration reaction.
31
Dehydration reaction
Two subunits covalently bond to each other through the loss of a water molecule
32
Hydrolysis
The opposite of a dehydration reaction where a molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond.
33
Understand how large molecules are disassembled into subunits by hydrolysis reactions.
*During a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule composed of multiple subunits is split in two. This is the reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction, and it releases a monomer that can be used in building a new polymer.
34
Organic molecules
Contain both carbon and hydrogen while Inorganic molecules do not.
35
Carbohydrates
Include single sugars (monosaccharides) and molecules made of two or more sugar subunits (disaccharides, polysaccharides).
36
Understand how two monosaccharides join by a covalent bond in a dehydration reaction.
During this process, the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond.
37
Function of disaccharides
To store energy
38
What is a polysaccharide
A Carbohydrate polymer consisting of many monosaccharides (simple sugars) linked by covalent bonds
39
Two types of polysaccharides
Storage polysaccharides (Glycogen and Starch)
Structural polysaccharides (Cellulose)
40
compare and contrast the most common storage polysaccharides in plants (starch) and animals (glycogen).
Starch: Used by plant cells to store energy
Glycogen: Used by animal cells to store energy
Both store energy and are composed of glucose
41
Describe where structural polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose) occurs in nature.
Mostly occur in plants forming fibrils in walls the enclose plant cells.
42
Compare and contrast the three most biologically important types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Fats: Insulation & cushioning
Phospholipids: Hydrophobic
Steroids: Carbon skeleton has four fused rings
They all function in energy storage, cell membranes, and cell communication.
43
Understand how a fat is made from two different types of molecules: fatty acids and glycerol.
Consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via a dehydration reaction
44
Bonds that join fatty acids to glycerol
Covalent bonds (Formed by dehydration reactions)
45
Understand the molecular structure of a phospholipid
Two hydrophobic tails
One hydrophilic head
jointed together to from a phospholipid bilayer.
Heads face outwards and tails face inwards
46
Understand why phospholipids spontaneously arrange into a bilayer when added to an aqueous (water-containing) environment
The heads are hydrophilic and are attracted to water (face outward) and the tails are hydrophobic and do not like water (face inward)
47
Know that steroids are lipids.
* Molecular structure
The carbon skeleton has four fused rings. Different steroids vary in the functional groups attached to this set of rings, and these chemical variations affect their function.
48
Understand how a protein is made of chains of amino acids
All proteins are made by stringing together a common set of 20 kinds of amino acids.
49
Understand how amino acids form proteins
They join by covalent bonds called peptide bonds, in dehydration reactions.
50
Denaturation
When a protein unravels and loses its normal conformation, and that this can happen in response to changes in the physical and chemical conditions in the environment like temperature or pH.
51
Two types of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
52
DNA Function
stores and transmits genetic information
53
RNA Function
RNA acts as a template for making proteins
54
Understand that nucleic acids are made from subunits called nucleotides.
DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides (double-stranded)
RNA is made of only one strand of nucleotides (single-stranded).
55
Understand the molecular structure of nucleotides:
*Phosphate group
*Base
*Sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA).
56
Charecteristics equal in all cells
*Surrounded by a plasma membrane,
*Use DNA to store genetic material,
*Contain cytoplasm
*Obtain energy and nutrients from their environment.
57
Plasma membranes
Exhibit selective permeability, allowing certain molecules to pass but not others.
58
Be able to compare and contrast the two main forms of cells:
Prokaryotic cells
o Smaller
o Simpler
o lack a nucleus
o lack all organelles besides ribosomes
Eukaryotic cells
o Larger
o More complex
o Have a nucleus and
o Have membrane-bound organelles).
59
Plasma membrane
separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings.
60
Ribosomes
Are the protein “factories” of the cell, manufacturing proteins according to the instructions in DNA.
61
Vesicles
sacs made of membrane that transfer membrane segments between organelles, like a mail cart delivering packages from one department to another
62
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lacks surface ribosomes, produces lipids, including steroids, and helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs.
63
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes stud the outside of its membrane, some products manufactured by rough ER are chemically modified
64
Golgi apparatus
Works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell.
65
Lysosome
Membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells. Have enzymes that break down large molecules
66
Endoplasmic reticulum
Manufactures and processes lipids and detoxifies waste products
67
Endoplasmic reticulum
Manufactures and processes lipids and detoxifies waste products
68
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria both
Convert energy from one form to another.
69
Vacuoles
Regulate water and store substances
70
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers that helps maintain cell shape and plays a role in cell movement, organelle movement, and cell division.
71
Define energy
Capacity to cause change
72
Two main forms of energy
Kinetic Energy (Motion) and Potential Energy (Rest).
73
first and second laws of thermodynamics.
*1st Energy can’t be created or destroyed, only altered
*2nd An isolated system's entropy will never decrease over time.
74
Understand the concept of entropy
Measure of disorder, or randomness, in a system. Every time energy is converted from one form to another, entropy increases
75
define reactants and products.
Reactant- substances that go into a chemical reaction
Product- substances produced at the end of the reaction
76
ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE an initial input of energy called
energy of activation or activation energy.
77
Understand the structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and how it is used as the energy currency of cells.
*Consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups. The triphosphate tail is the “business” end of ATP, the part that provides energy for cellular work. Each phosphate group is negatively charged. Negative charges repel each other. The crowding of negative charges in the triphosphate tail contributes to the potential energy of ATP. It’s analogous to storing energy by compressing a spring; if you release the spring, it will relax, and you can use that springiness to do some useful work. For ATP power, it is release of the phosphate at the tip of the triphosphate tail that makes energy available to working cells
*Acts like an energy shuttle
*Stores energy obtained from food
*Releases it later as needed
78
Understand how ATP is broken down to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate group, releasing energy, and how ATP is regenerated from ADP and a phosphate group in the mitochondria during cellular respiration.
*ATP can be restored by adding a phosphate group back to ADP. That takes energy, like recompressing a spring. And that’s where food enters the picture. The chemical energy that cellular respiration harvests from sugars and other organic fuels is put to work regenerating a cell’s supply of ATP. Cellular work spends ATP, which is recycled when ADP and phosphate are combined using energy released by cellular respiration
79
Be able to define metabolism
Total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
80
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change itself
81
Enzyme
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
82
Substrate
A certain reactant molecule
83
Active site
Has a shape and chemistry that fits the substrate molecule
84
enzymes speed up reactions by
lowering the energy of activation
85
Compare and contrast passive transport and active transport
*Active Transport- Requires that a cell expend energy to move molecules across a membrane
*Passive Transport- The diffusion of a substance across a membrane without the input of energy
86
Solute
The dissolving agent
87
The dissolving agent
The dissolving agent
88
Concentration gradient
Where the substance is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.
89
Diffusion
Movement of molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
90
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
91
Facilitated diffusion
Assisted transport (via proteins)
92
Hypotonic Solution
Solution has a lower concentration of solute
93
Hypertonic Solution
Solution has a higher concentration of solute
94
Isotonic solution
Solution has an equal concentration of solute
95
compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis
*Exocytosis- Movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles that fuse with the plasma membrane
*Endocytosis- Cell takes material in via vesicles that bud inward
96
Phagocytosis
cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole
97
Pinocytosis
Ingestion of liquid into the cell
