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Intro to Anthropology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a field that encompasses what it means to be human. It is a field for people who are curious about why people act the way they do.

A

Anthropology

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2
Q

view that stresses development through time

A

diachronic

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3
Q

synchronic

A

View that emphasizes the contemporary state of human societies with little or no time depth

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4
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

the study of human languages throughout the world individually and comparatively(synchronic)

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5
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

ideal that culture must be understood on their own terms and based on their own context instead of being judged by the standards of a different culture

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6
Q

Aristole

A

Greek philosopher and scientist

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7
Q

Great Chain of Being

A

a linear hierarchy that ranks all organisms in terms of their intelligence and perfection. Humans are near the tops close to God and worms and rocks closer to the bottom.

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8
Q

The “other”

A

a term for people who are different whether it is based on where they live, their appearance, or their customs.

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9
Q

Barbarians

A

used by Greeks that are Non-Greek, illustrates “us vs. them” mentality.

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10
Q

Ussher and Lightfoot

A

Calculated when the earth was created based on Genesis. Thought the universe was created in 4004 BC

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11
Q

Physical/Biological Anthropology

A

a study of human cultures based on the biology and behavior of human, their explicit ancestors, and non-human primates

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12
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

a study of human cultures in the present through participation, observation, and interview of living people

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13
Q

4 sub-directories of Anthropology

A

Physical/Biological, Cultural, Linguistic, Archeology

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14
Q

Ethnography

A

description/ interception of a society written by an anthropologist who conducted field research in that society

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15
Q

ethnology

A

analysis/interception of the articulation and structure of social institutions

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16
Q

Archeology

A

the study of human cultures in the past using artifacts and other objects

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17
Q

Culture

A

the collection of learned behaviors, ideas, languages, and traditions that characterize a social group

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18
Q

Emic

A

perspective incorporates a subjective/ informed perspective in which the anthropologist participates and observes (insider point of view)

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19
Q

Etic

A

refers to an objective and detachment that can only be achieved after an emic awareness if gained( outsider point of view

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20
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

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21
Q

Issac de la Peyere

A

argued that stone tools belonged to an older civilization. Adam was not the first man.

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22
Q

Thomas Hobbs

A

The Leviathan “nasty, brutish, and short”

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23
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

“Savages”-living without social contract(no social inequality)

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24
Q

Christian Thomsen

A

3 age system (stone, bronze, iron)

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25
Q

Catastrophism

A

big events, short amount of time that cause extinctions
Cuvier

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26
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Geologic processes observed in the present are the same as those that occurred in the past(small processes, big period of time)

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27
Q

cultural imperialism

A

the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others

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28
Q

1859

A

1.Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
2. Report on excavations at Brixham, Devonshire,UK

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29
Q

Brixham Cave

A

Four levels were found. Man’s flint implements were lying with the remains of mammoths, rhinoceros, and cave lions in the third level.
These convinced geologists of the antiquity of man and his coexistence with extinct animals.

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30
Q

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

A

theory of evolution by natural selection

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31
Q

natural selection

A

-struggle for existence
-Under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed

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32
Q

Adam Smith

A

Wealth of Nations
Best bussiness will continue at the expense of others

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33
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

Carrying capacity(limited amount of resources to feed the people)

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34
Q

Charles Lyell

A

effectively discredited the long-standing view that the earth’s surface had been formed by short-lived cataclysms, such as biblical floods and earthquakes-his principle: uniformitarianism: same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed the earth’s surface over an immensely long time

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35
Q

La Chapelle-aux-Saints

A

This fossil was categorized as a “Neanderthal” and was discovered to be elderly, Missing post canine teeth, Alveoli resorbed, and Arthritic. It was discovered in France in 1908. It showed us that human ancestors lived longer than we thought they did.

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36
Q

Neanderthals

A

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European variant of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago.

37
Q

Tylor and Spencer

A

All equipped with the same capacity for knowledge
Difference is acquired knowledge(culture)
Social Darwinist

38
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

-stage model: Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization

39
Q

Social Dawinism

A

a philisophical application of Darwin’s theory of natural selection, states that some races or people are more fit for survival than others and are therefore designed by natue to dominate inferior races

40
Q

Unilineal Social Evolution

A

progress of society through successively more complex stages(culture evolves in a straight line)

41
Q

Samuel Morton

A

Ranked intelligence by measuring skull capacity (size, volume). Implies connection between race and intelligence. Caucasian, Mongoloid, Malaysian, American, Ethiopian
Phrenology

42
Q

Phrenology

A

the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities.

43
Q

Scientific Racism

A

the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to su

44
Q

Myth of the Moundbuilders

A

Ancient monuments in the Mississippi Valley.
Myth was that the Native Americans could not have built this site but rather an ancient European race had.

45
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

First stratigraphic evcations in America

46
Q

E.G. Squier and E.H. Davis

A

first classifications to distinguish burial mounds, temple mounds, and effigy mounds, inferring that each served different functions
However, they refused to believe that Native Americans or their ancestors could be the builders.

47
Q

Cyrus Thomas

A

debunked the theory that mounded landscapes were created by outside civilizations, because Natives were not advanced enough to build such mounds.

48
Q

Bureau of American Ethnology

A

established by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records, and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Interior Department to the Smithsonian Institution

49
Q

salvage ethnography

A

salvage ethnography

50
Q

Bronsilaw Malinowski

A

· Poland and the US
· Taught at the London School of Economics
· Explored the Trobriand Island and Kula ring
· Anthography and Participation Observation
Founder of modern cultural anthropology

51
Q

Franz Boas

A

Big proponent of cultural relativism
Founder of American Anthropology
Argued for HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM- in order to understand a people, you have have to understand the history of the people
Critique of Cultural Evolution
o The Immigrant Study

52
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group.

53
Q

The Immigrant Study

A

-spencerian notions of cultural evolution pervasive in U.S. immigration policy
-measured 17,821 first & second generation immigrants in 7 ethnic groups
-could immigrants be assimilated into the American type?
-found significant variation in cranial morphology between 1st & 2nd generations
-argued that environment & history matter, & “races” are not static
-critique of cultural evolution

54
Q

Historical Particularism

A

in order to understand a people, you have have to understand the history of the people

55
Q

Margaret Mead

A

United States anthropologist noted for her claims about adolescence and sexual behavior in Polynesian cultures
Patterns of Culture

56
Q

Ruth Benedict (1887-1948)

A

Coming of Age in Samoa

57
Q

Zora Neale Hurston

A

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance
Mules and Men

58
Q

Alfred Kroeber

A

Worked with Ishi
“Culture Area” concept

59
Q

Culture Area Concept

A

individuals living within a geographic area will have shared cultural traits(geography matter)

60
Q

Julian Steward

A

Environment matters(How was human using the resources that are available/How do they fit in the ecosystem

61
Q

Leslie White

A
  • Clarify society on how they can extract energy from the environment
  • Technology matters
62
Q

Lewis Binford

A

PROCESSUAL ARCHAEOLOGY- archaeology as a science

63
Q

Processual Archaeology

A

archaeology as a science

64
Q

National Historic Preservation Act

A

legislation intended to preserve historical & archaeological sites in the U.S. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, & the State Historic Preservation Offices.The act requires Federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all Federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties (buildings, archaeological sites, etc.)

65
Q

Post-Processual Archaeology

A

archeology as a history

65
Q

Post-Processual Archaeology

A

archeology as a history

66
Q

The Post-Modern Critique

A

There’s more to cultural change than ecological explanations

67
Q

Native American Graves Protection and Reparation Act

A

was passed in 1991 and dictated that museums and other ferally funded organizations must return Native American skeletal remains and associated graves goods back to the appropriate nation.

68
Q

Structure of a scientific paper

A

Introduction, Background, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion

69
Q

Problem-Orientated Research

A

Ethnographic research often focuses on investigating a particular issue or conflict

70
Q

ethnography research

A

research
research strategy to observe and analyze the actions and intersections of societies, to create a description of a society written by an anthropologist who conducted field research in that society

71
Q

qualitative methods

A

stories

72
Q

Quantitative methods

A

numbers

73
Q

mixed methods

A

An approach in which both quantitative and qualitative procedures are used

74
Q

cultural consultant

A

People, such as community leaders, who became central to ethnographic research as cultural guides, mentors, and translators

75
Q

Life Histories

A

a method ethnographers use that focuses on individual stories, in which a person is asked to recollect their experiences across various time periods, providing an intimate insight into past and current events

76
Q

Survey

A

asking the same set of questions to a selected group often in the form of a questionnaire

77
Q

informed consent

A

an ethical and necessary step in a study where anthropologists explain their goals, methods, funding, outcomes, and potential risks and benefits to all potential study participants to ensure that their participation is voluntary and fully informed.

78
Q

Direct Historical Approach

A

an archaeological technique of working backward in time from historic-period sites of known age to earlier times; usually only used where little (working known to unknown)

79
Q

artifact

A

An object made by human beings; often refers to a primitive tool or other relic from an earlier period

80
Q

Stratigraphy

A

the study of rock LAYERS and the sequence of events they reflect

81
Q

law of superstition

A

the law that a sedimentary rock layer is older than the layers above it and younger than the layers below it if the layers are not disturbed.
Deeper is older

82
Q

Relative dating

A

way to relatively age artifacts and arrange them in sequences from oldest to youngest
when things go in and out of style

83
Q

Radiometric dating

A

the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products

84
Q

Experimental Archology

A

subfield of archaeology that attempts to generate and test archaeological hypotheses, most often, by replicating or approximating the feasibility of ancient technologies and activities
- not all archeology is observing people making the tools so you have to reverse engineering

85
Q

Historic archeology

A

the exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records

86
Q

Indigenous Archaeology

A

native Americans archeologist studying their past

87
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

going out and studying people in the present and seeing what archeological record can they are creating

Intro to Anthropology (1 decks)

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