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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Broca’s Area?

A

motor speech area that directs the muscles involved in speech production and speech planning

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2
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

A

understanding written and spoken language

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3
Q

What are Association Fibers?

A

horizontal running fibers that connect different parts of same hemisphere

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4
Q

What are Commissural Fibers?

A

Horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres

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5
Q

What are Projection Fibers?

A

Vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

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6
Q

What it the Corona Radiata?

A

Projection fibers that radiate through cerebral white matter to cortex

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7
Q

What are Basal Nuclei?

A

third of three basic regions of cerebrum that receives input from cerebral cortex and filter out incorrect or inappropriate responses

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8
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A

Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Processing center for sensory information and autonomic control

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9
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A

Forms the walls of the third ventricle
Relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Cap of the brain stem and forms the walls of the third ventricle
Main visceral control center of the body, control of the autonomic nervous system, initiate physical responses to emotions, regulate body temperature, control endocrine system function, and regulate sleep wake cycles

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11
Q

What is the Brain Stem?

A

composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
associated with 10 of the 12 cranial nerves and allows for autonomic behaviors necessary for survival

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12
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus?

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

11% of brain mass, plays a major role in balance and fine tunes motor activity

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14
Q

What is Dura Matter?

A

a protective layer of the brain that extends inward that limits excessive movement of the brain

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15
Q

What is Pia Matter?

A

delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to brain, following every convulsion, contains many tiny blood vessels that feed the brain

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16
Q

What is arachnoid matter?

A

middle spiderweb-like extensions

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17
Q

Afferent Gray Matter

A

Somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons

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18
Q

Efferent Gray Matter

A

Somatic Motor neurons, Visceral (autonomic) motor neurons (ventral horn)

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19
Q

What is the Limbic System?

A

puts emotional responses to odors (Ex. skunks smell bad)
Large part of the affective brain

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20
Q

What is the Amygdala?

A

recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response

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21
Q

What is the Hippocampus?

A

plays a role in memory

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22
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System?

A

sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak stimuli
inhibited by sleep, drugs, and alcohol

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23
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

beta-amyloid plques and Tau protein tangles in neurons; leads to cell death which cause the symptoms most associated

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24
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

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25
Q

What is a TIA?

A

an incomplete stroke

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26
Q

What is ischemia?

A

impaired blood flow to the brain

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27
Q

What are Exteroceptors?

A

respond to stimuli arising outside body, receptors in skin for touch, pain, and temperature, most special sense organs

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28
Q

What are Interoceptors (visceroceptors)?

A

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels, sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes

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29
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles, inform brain of ones movements

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30
Q

What are Mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

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31
Q

What are Thermoreceptors?

A

sensitive to changes in temperature

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32
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

respond to light energy (ex. retina)

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33
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

respond to chemicals (ex. smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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34
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (ex. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, and inflammatory chemicals)

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35
Q

What is the Meisner corpuscle?

A

found on hairless skin, exteroceptors, mechanoreceptors

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36
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

found in most body tissues, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors (pain)

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37
Q

What are Hair Follicle Receptors?

A

surrounds hair follicles, mechanoreceptors

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38
Q

What is adaptation?

A

A change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus
Phasic receptors- send signals at the beginning or end of stimulus
Tonic receptors- adapt slowly or not at all

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39
Q

What is spatial discrimination?

A

identifying site or pattern of stimulus

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40
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

results from stimulation of visceral organ receptors; felt as aching gnawing, burning; activated by tissue stretching, ischemia, chemicals, and muscle spasms

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41
Q

What is referred pain?

A

pain from one body region perceived as coming from a different region

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42
Q

Endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths (Schwann Cells)

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43
Q

Perineurium

A

coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

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44
Q

Epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath around all fascicles to form the nerve

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45
Q

Cranial nerve I (Olfactory)

A

sensory nerves of smell

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46
Q

Cranial Nerve II (Optic)

A

Purely sensory; carry afferent impulses for vision

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47
Q

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

A

chiefly motor nerves for the eye

48
Q

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

A

raises eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris, and controlling lens shape

49
Q

Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear)

A

motor nerves; supply somatic motos fibers to one of the eye muscles

50
Q

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

A

convey sensory impulses from various areas of face and supply motor fibers for matication

51
Q

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens)

A

primarily motor, innervating lateral rectus muscle, abduction and lateral rotation of the eye

52
Q

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)

A

controls facial expression; parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands

53
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

A

mostly sensory; small motor component for adjustment of sensitivity of receptors

54
Q

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)

A

Motor- innervate part of tongue and pharynx for swallowing and provide parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary glands
Sensory- taste and general sensory impulses from pharynx and posterior tongue, and impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

55
Q

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

A

regulate activities of hear, lungs, and abdominal viscera
sensory- carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera

56
Q

Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory)

A

primarily motor function, move head and neck

57
Q

Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal)

A

innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech

58
Q

Ventral Roots

A

contain motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

59
Q

Dorsal Roots

A

contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

60
Q

Spinal Nerve Roots

A

carry both sensory and motor

61
Q

Spinal Nerve Roots

A

carry both sensory and motor

62
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

formed by ventral rami C5-C8 and T1
gives rise to nerves that innervate upper limbs

63
Q

Roots

A

five ventral rami (C5-T1) unite to form trunks

64
Q

Trunks

A

upper, middle, and lower, which unite to form divisions

65
Q

Divisions

A

anterior and posterior which unite to form cords

66
Q

Cords

A

lateral, medial, and posterior

67
Q

Sacral plexus

A

Arises from L4-S4
serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum

68
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

longest and thickest nerve in the body
innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles of the leg and foot

69
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerve
helps to detect where spinal cord injuries effect

70
Q

Spinal Reflex

A
  • Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
  • Activation of a sensory nerve
  • Information processing in CNS
  • Activation of a motor neuron
  • Response by effector
71
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

maintains muscle tone
- stretch activates muscle spindle
- sensory neurons synapse directly with a motor neurons in spinal cord
- a motor neurons cause extrafusal muscles of stretched muscles to contract

72
Q

Pupil

A

central opening that regulates amount of light entering the eye

73
Q

Sclera

A

part of the fibrous layer
shapes eyeball and attaches extrinsic muscles and becomes dura mater as it exits optic nerve

74
Q

Cornea

A

epithelia cells are transparent to protect and maintain clarity
contains pain receptors

75
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucous membranes with mucous secretions that lubricate

76
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

contains oil and sweat glands

77
Q

Lacrimal Gland

A

produces and secretes tears

78
Q

Eye Muscles

A

6 straplike extrinsic eye muscles originate from bone orbit and insert on eyeball
enable eye to follow moving objects, maintain shape of eyeball and hold it in orbit

79
Q

Ciliary Body

A

smooth muscle that controls the shape of lense

80
Q

Lens

A

biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular, changes shape to precisely focus light on retina

81
Q

Aquous Humor

A

supplies nutrients and O2 to avascular parts of the eye and waste removal

82
Q

Vitrious Humor

A

transmits light and internal structures in correct orientation

83
Q

Sclera Choroid

A

filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye

84
Q

Retina

A

contains millions of photoreceptor cells that transduce light energy, neurons, and glial cells

85
Q

Optic Disc

A

where the optic nerve exits the eye; blind spot

86
Q

Optic Nerve

A

carries messages from the retina to the brain

87
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

site compromise of all cones, region of best visual acuity

88
Q

What is the Pathway of Visual Information to cortex?

A
  • medial fibers from each eye cross over
  • fibers continue from optic tracts to lateral geniculate nuclei of thalamus
  • conscious perception of visual images occurs here
89
Q

Rods

A

dim light/peripheral vision receptors
more sensitive to light than cones

90
Q

Cones

A

bright light / high resolution color receptors for vision

91
Q

Odorant Signaling

A

discriminatory receptor G-protein cascades allow for depolarization

92
Q

Gustation

A

facial nerve (VIII), glossopharyngeal (X), and vagus nerve involved

93
Q

Ear

A

inner- series of membranous sacs and ducts, filled with potassium rich endolymph
middle- small air filles, mucousa-lined cavity
external- auricle and external acoustic meatus, ear

94
Q

Cochlea

A

receptor organ for hearing

95
Q

Vestibule

A

respond to gravity and changes to head position

96
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

responds to rotational movement of head

97
Q

Wavelength

A

the distance from the top of one sound wave to the next

98
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of sound waves

99
Q

Equilibrium

A

response to various movements of head that rely on input from inner ear, eyes, and stretch response

100
Q

Static Equilibrium

A

monitored by vestibular receptors

101
Q

Rotational Equilibrium

A

crista ampullaris
bending hairs in cristae causes depolarization

102
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

involuntary controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to maintain homeostasis

103
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

connects the CNS with organs and muscles to perform daily functions

104
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

mobilizes body during activities; fight or flight system

104
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

fibers originate from brain stem and sacral regions or cord
- keeps body energy use as low as possible
- carries out maintenance activities

105
Q

What are the structural differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

sympathetic- skin
parasympathetic- connected to the brain stem

106
Q

Terminal Ganglia

A

regulate the parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms

107
Q

Craniosacral Division

A

another name for the parasympathetic nervous system

108
Q

Thoracolumbar Division

A

another name for the sympathetic nervous system

109
Q

Synapse in Trunk Ganglia

A

synapse with ganglionic neuron in same trunk ganglion
ascend or descend sympathetic trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion

110
Q

Synapse in Collateral Ganglia

A

pass through trunk ganglion and emerge without synapsing in trunk

111
Q

Gray Rami Communicantes

A

unmyelinated postganglionic fibers

112
Q

What is the role of the adrenal medulla in sympathetic activation?

A

secretes catecholamines to help your body respond to stress

113
Q

Visceral Reflex

A

involve a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response carried out in internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, or structures of the GI tract

114
Q

What are the neurotransmitters associated with the ANS, how do they differ from the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous system?

A

ANS- Nicotinic receptors, muscarinic receptors
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are all postganglionic

115
Q

What is the parasympathetic tone?

A

slight activation of organs

116
Q

What is the Sympathetic Tone?

A

also called the vasomotor tone
continual state of partial constriction of blood vessels

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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